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Chapter 005 cardiovascular
- 3. Figure 5.1 The relationship between the pulmonary and the systemic circulations.
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- 4. Figure 5.2 The relationship between the heart and the different types of blood vessel.
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- 6. Figure 5.4 Interior of a vein: A. The valves and cusps. B. The direction of blood flow through a valve.
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- 7. Figure 5.5 The relationship between sympathetic stimulation and blood vessel diameter.
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- 8. Figure 5.6 The exchange of gases in internal respiration.
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- 9. Figure 5.7 Diffusion of nutrients and waste products between capillaries and cells.
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- 10. Figure 5.8 Effect of capillary pressures on water movement between capillaries and cells.
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- 11. Figure 5.9 Position of the heart in the thorax.
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- 12. Figure 5.10 Organs associated with the heart.
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- 13. Figure 5.11 Layers of the heart wall.
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- 14. Figure 5.12 Cardiac muscle, with fibres separated.
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- 15. Figure 5.13 The heart and the great vessels, viewed from the front.
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- 16. Figure 5.14 The left atrioventricular valve: A. Valve open. B. Valve closed.
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- 18. Figure 5.16 Direction of blood flow through the heart.
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- 19. Figure 5.17 The aorta cut open to show the semilunar cusps of the aortic valve.
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- 20. Figure 5.18 The relationship between the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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- 21. Figure 5.19 The coronary arteries.
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- 22. Figure 5.20 The conducting system of the heart.
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- 23. Figure 5.21 The stages of one cardiac cycle.
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- 24. Figure 5.22 Diagram showing the elasticity of the walls of the aorta.
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- 26. Figure 5.24 The flow of blood through a vein, aided by the contraction of skeletal muscle.
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- 27. Figure 5.25 Summary of the main mechanisms in blood pressure control.
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- 28. Figure 5.26 The baroreceptor reflex.
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- 29. Figure 5.27 The relationship between stimulation of chemoreceptors and arterial blood pressure.
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- 30. Figure 5.28 The main pulse points.
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- 31. Figure 5.29 The aorta and its main branches.
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- 32. Figure 5.30 The arch of the aorta and its branches.
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- 33. Figure 5.31 Main arteries of the left side of the head and neck.
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- 34. Figure 5.32 The aorta and the main arteries of the limbs.
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- 35. Figure 5.33 The vena cavae and the main veins of the limbs. Deep veins in dark blue and superficial veins in light blue.
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- 36. Figure 5.34 Arteries forming the circulus arteriosus (circle of Willis) and its main branches to the brain.
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- 37. Figure 5.35 The right vertebral artery.
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- 38. Figure 5.36 Veins of the left side of the head and neck.
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- 39. Figure 5.37 Venous sinuses of the brain viewed from the right.
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- 40. Figure 5.38 Venous sinuses of the brain viewed from above.
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- 41. Figure 5.39 The superior vena cava and the veins which form it.
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- 42. Figure 5.40 The main arteries of the right arm.
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- 43. Figure 5.41 The main veins of the right arm. Dark blue indicates deep veins.
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- 44. Figure 5.42 The aorta and its main branches in the thorax.
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- 45. Figure 5.43 The superior vena cava and the main veins of the thorax.
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- 46. Figure 5.44 The abdominal aorta and its branches.
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- 47. Figure 5.45 The coeliac artery and its branches and the inferior phrenic arteries.
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- 48. Figure 5.46 The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and their branches.
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- 49. Figure 5.47 Venous drainage from the abdominal organs and the formation of the portal vein.
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- 50. Figure 5.48 The portal vein − formation and termination.
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- 51. Figure 5.49 The femoral artery and its main branches.
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- 52. Figure 5.50 The right popliteal artery and its main branches.
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- 54. Figure 5.52 A. The aorta and main arteries of the body.
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- 55. Figure 5.52 B. The venae cavae and main veins of the body.
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- 56. Figure 5.53 Stages in the development of an atheromatous plaque.
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- 58. Figure 5.55 Types of aneurysm.
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- 59. Figure 5.56 A. Normal and varicosed veins. B. Common sites for varicosities − the leg, scrotum (varicocele) and anus (haemorrhoids).
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- 60. Figure 5.57 Mechanisms of oedema formation: A. Normal distribution of tissue fluid. B, C and D. Different mechanisms of oedema formation. Arrows indicate
direction of movement of water.
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- 61. Figure 5.58 ECG traces: A. Normal sinus rhythm. B. Life-threatening arrhythmias.
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- 62. Figure 5.59 The position of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus. The arrow indicates the direction of flow of blood from the pulmonary circulation into the aorta.
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- 63. Figure 5.60 Atrioseptal valve: normal and defective closure after birth.
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