3. General introduction of
Nanobiotechnology
• Nanobiotechnology is the application of
nanotechnology in biological fields.
• Nanobiotechnology has multitude of
potentials for advancing medical science
thereby improving health care practices
around the world.
4. Future demand
The National Science Foundation estimates
that by the year 2015 there will be a need for 2
million workers worldwide in the fields of
nanoscience and nanotechnology.
An additional 5 million workers will be
needed in support areas for these fields.
By 2015, nanotechnology is expected to be a
$3 trillion “industry”
5. Focus Areas of Nanobiotechnology
1. Medicine (like in drug delivery, molecular
imaging, treatment, biomarkers and
biosensors)
2. Genomics (gene therapy, )
3. Robotics
6. Nanomedicine
The future of nanomedicine will depend on
rational design of nanotechnology materials and
tools based around a detailed and thorough
understanding of biological processes.
It offers novel opportunities for sensing clinically
relevant markers, molecular disease imaging, and
tools for therapeutic intervention.
The most important clinical applications of
nanotechnology are likely to be in pharmaceutical
development.
7. Advantages of using
nanobiotechnology for
pharmaceutical applications
Nanotechnology is opening new therapeutic
opportunities for many agents that cannot be
used effectively as conventional oral
formulations because of their poor
bioavailability.
Nanoparticles formulations provide protection
for agents susceptible to degradation or
denaturation in regions of harsh pH.
8. Prolong the duration of exposure of a drug by
increasing retention of the formulation
through bioadhesion.
Drug delivery
• Active research is focused on the preparation
of nanoparticles using proteins like albumin,
gelatin, gliadin and legumin.
• Protein nanoparticles hold promise as drug
delivery systems for parentral as well as oral.
9. Advantages of protein nanoparticles
• Biodegradable, Non-antigenic, Metabolizable
• Easily amenable for surface modification
• Covalent attachment of drugs and ligands
• Liberation due to polymer erosion or
degradation.
• Self-diffusion through pores.
• Release from the surface of the polymer
• Pulsed delivery initiated by the application of
an oscillating magnetic or sonic field.
10.
11. Applications
• A dosage form containing mucoadhesive
nanoparticles bearing a potential antibiotic
should be useful for the complete eradication
of H. Pylori.
• OradelTM Nanoparticles used for protein-
based drugs and antibodies like Insulin and
oral delivery of anti-inflammatory proteins
(TNF blocker).
12. Silicon nanoparticles
Can be used as a microparticle carrier for the
controlled release of a variety of therapeutics
or as a porous membrane in implantable
devices, tissue engineering and diagnostics.
.Advantages
• Silicon can be made biodegradable by
nanostructuring it — an example of a top-
down approach.
13. • It safely breaks down in the body into silicic
acid, which is found in everyday foodstuffs
such as bread and rice.
Applications:
• Porous silicon could potentially be
manufactured into orthopaedic implants (pins,
screws, etc.) loaded with tissue growth
factors, antiinfectives, and anti-inflammatory
drugs
14. • Designed to release these drugs as they degrade
slowly during the healing process.
• Nanostructured and drug-loaded silicon can be
developed as a coating for traditional medical
devices such as metal implants, stents and wound
dressings.
• Smart’ devices potentially be developed as
autonomous, self-contained, implantable devices
that diagnose disease and deliver the appropriate
treatment based on electrostimulation process
by silicon .
15. Nanoscale polymer capsules
Can be designed to break down and release drugs
at controlled rates and to allow differential
release in certain environments.
Example:
An acid milieu, to promote uptake in tumors
versus normal tissues.
16. • Poly(D,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
nanoparticles loaded with
tetramethylrhodamine-labeled dextran
internalized by human dendritic cells and
machropahges in vitro
• This internalization helps in activation of T cell
mediated response against diseased
condition.
17. Delivery of antigens for vaccination
• Microparticles and nanoparticles are capable of
enhancing immunization.
• M cells in the Peyer’s patches of the distal small
intestine are capable of engulfing large
microparticles, and recent studies have explored
the benefits of nanoencapsulation.
• Poly(D,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)
nanoparticles loaded with
tetramethylrhodamine-labeled dextran
internalized by human dendritic cells and
machropahges in vitro
18. Magnetic nanoparticles
• Glioblastomas can be diagnose and treat via an
intrinsic heating mechanism deployed by the
nanoparticle within the brain matter.
• The basics of this intra-cranial heating system
are based on the peculiar paramagnetic
properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
which allows for their detection by MRI
imaging modalities
19. • Heat stress results in protein denaturation and
abnormal folding, as well as DNA cross
linking within the nucleus, ultimately leading
to apoptosis in neurological cancer.
Chemical composition
Engineered from a variety of elemental metals,
including iron (Fe), manganese ( Mn), cobalt
(Co), zinc (Zn) and other oxides.
20. Silver nanoparticles
Advantages
Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal,
acaricidal, larvicidal, lousicidal, anti-protozoals,
anti-arthropods, and anticancer activities.
Prophylaxis and control of infections, as well as
for diagnosis.
Applications
Treatment of wounds
23. Cancer research
Goal of producing nanometer scale
multifunctional entities that can diagnose,
deliver therapeutic agents, and monitor cancer
treatment progress.
Design and engineering of targeted contrast
agents that improve the resolution of cancer
cells to the single cell level.
24. Nanodevices capable of addressing the biological
and evolutionary diversity of the multiple cancer
cells that make up a tumor within an individual.
Nanocarriers have to get smarter.
Au@MnO nanoflower-shaped nanoparticle
matrix for LDI-MS was found to be an efficient
nanoparticle substrate to LDI-MS as compared to
other nanoparticles. The same nanoflowers were
also used to target cancer cells and for the
selective metabolite extraction and detection
from cancer cell lysates.
25. Cardiovascular disorders
• Biological signals such as the release of
proteins or antibodies in response to cardiac
or inflammatory events can be sense and
monitor by using QDs, nanocrystals, and
nanobarcodes.
• Restenosis, the obstruction of an artery after
interventional procedures such as balloon
angioplasty, remains a major problem.
26. • Nanotechnology-based localized drug therapy
using sustained-release drug delivery systems
could be more effective in treating disease by
inhibiting the proliferation and migration of
smooth muscle cells.
Nanobiotechnology based treatment
• Nanostructure materials like 3D nanofibrous
scaffolds can be used to enhanced adsorption
and conformation of proteins that mediate
specific osteoblast adhesion (such as
fibronectin and vitronectin)
27. Neuroscience
• Nanoparticles that carry superoxide dismutase enzyme
and targeted anti-NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)
receptor 1 (NR1) antibody appllied for the treatment of
cerebral ischemia .
limited reperfusion injury, and reduced apoptosis and
inflammation, improving behavioral outcome.
• Coated PEG-based Liposomes were also found to be
localized to the CA region of the hippocampus,
suggesting a probable mode of targeted delivery of
reactive oxidative species quenchers in the treatment
of stroke
29. POST GENOMICS
• Nanoproteomics
Discipline of science involving the application of
proteomics techniques aided by
nanotechnology to enhance probing and
evaluating protein systems
Application
Femtoliter arrays technology can be utilized in
studying single enzyme molecules, detection of
low abundance protein biomarkers in biological
fluids, and single cell analysis
30. • Use of multi-dimensional sample separation
techniques based on nanoporous silicon for
fractionation of serum components prior to
mass spectrometry analysis constitutes an
inevitable and essential part in proteomics.
• Nanoporous silica-based method to isolate
low molecular weight peptides from high
molecular weight proteins in serum biofluids
of metastatic melanoma patients as molecular
signatures
31. • Nanostructured scaffold for protein biosensing
• substrate for mass spectrometry analysis
• Magnetic materials hold great promise for low
abundant protein enrichment and separation
because
High surface/volume ratio that provides high
surface area for coating/binding of different
substrates.
32. Several affinity tags (antibodies, aptamers,
lectinsand affibodies) can be introduced on
their surface with relatively easy chemistries.
The separation can be easily performed with a
simple magnet.
• Antibody-conjugated magnetic particles were
also used to isolate biomarker proteins from
plasma samples of cancer patients.
33.
34. • Aptamer conjugated superparamagnetic
particles to detect lysozyme by using magnetic
relaxation upon target capture.
• Gold (Au) nanoparticles that have been
utilized for protein immobilization owing to
their high affinity to thiol (-SH) and disulfide
(S–S) groups present in various molecules.
35. • Aptamers (single stranded target specific DNA
molecules) and Au nanoparticles sensors are
used to develop smart strip-type biosensors
for point-of-care devices.
• Used to detect metabolites, proteins, small
molecules, and whole cells in solution.
36. clinical applications
• Nanoproteomics are seen to be functioning as
protein amplification techniques similar to PCR.
• Infectious, endocrine ,autoimmune, and
neurodegenerative diseases, as well as brain
injury and several types of tumors.
• A logical circuit that enables autonomous,
selfsustained, and programmable manipulation of
protein activity in vitro. An example of such
application is the use of a circuit that monitors
the levels and activity of thrombin in
37. An example of such application is the use of a
circuit that monitors the levels and activity of
thrombin in plasma and delivers an inhibitory
anticoagulant accordingly.
• Quantum-dot-conjugated graphene for
imaging and monitoring drug delivery to
cancer cells.
• Like antineoplastic drug doxorubicin to cancer
cells
38. Phosphonanoproteomics
• Nanoparticles have been applied in
characterization of protein phosphorylation,
involving phosphopeptide isolation and
subsequently identification by mass spectrometry.
• Application
Protein kinase activities are significantly elevated
in different types of cancer and many new
pharmaceuticals target phosphorylated proteins to
help curb the disease progression.
39. • For efficient detection of phosphorylated
proteins these can be enriched with TiO2
coated magnetic nanoparticles before
spectrophotometric analysis.
40. Gene delivery
• Three main types of gene delivery systems:
1. viral vectors
2. Nonviral vectors (in the form of particles such
as nanoparticles, liposomes, or dendrimers).
3. Direct injection of genetic materials into
tissues using so-called gene guns.
41. • Nanotechnology in gene therapy would be
applied to replace the currently used viral
vectors by potentially less immunogenic
nanosize (50-500 nm) gene carriers.
Liposomes
• Cationic liposome based vectors( e.g.
Transferrin (Tf)-lipoplex) can be used for
delivery of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in
head and neck cancer and prostate cancer.
42. Benefits
The p53 gene has been shown to be involved
in the control of DNA damage-induced
apoptosis.
Malfunction of this p53-mediated apoptotic
pathway could be one mechanism by which
tumors become resistant to chemotherapy or
radiation.
43. • PEGylated liposomes linked to a monoclonal
antibody can be used for the expression of
human insulin receptor in brain.
Dendrimers
• Polyamidoamines (PAMAMs) dendrimers in
complex with the pCF1CAT plasmid for
intravascular and endobronchial delivery of
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) will
be available to treat cystic fibrosis.
Advantage is that it is completely localized in
lungs.
44. Nanotechnology as a tool in imaging
• Semiconductor QDs can allow the detection of
tens to hundreds of cancer biomarkers in
blood assays.
• QDs will be available for monitoring cellular
activities in tissue.
• Self-illuminating QD conjugates rely on
bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
which converts chemical energy into photon
energy.
45. Benefit
Resulting in dramatic increases in fluorophore
excitation as well as reductions in the effects
of tissue autofluorescence.
Have great sensitivity than existing QD
conjugates
46. fluorescent gold clusters (FGCs)
• FGCs derived imaging nanoprobes can be a
promising nontoxic alternative of
semiconductor nanocrystals.
Advantages
Stable and tunable visible emission, small
hydrodynamic size, high biocompatibility
FGCs-based probes can be synthesized with
small hydrodynamic diameter typically of
<10nm
47. Red or NIR emission of FGCs offers deeper
tissue imaging options
FGCs are emerging as powerful bioimaging
probes
Potentials such as in optical detection
48.
49. Molecular diagnostics
• Hand-held lab-on-a-chip that will be used in
the analysis of airborne chemical warfare
agents and liquid-based explosives agents.
• Nanopore technology for analysis of nucleic
acids converts strings of nucleotides directly
into electronic signatures.
50. • Gold nanoparticles tagged with short
segments of DNA can be used for detection of
genetic sequence in a sample.
• Multicolor optical coding for biological assays
will be available by embedding different-sized
QDs (nanocrystals of cadmium selenide) into
polymeric microbeads.
51. • Nanomaterials as effective adsorbents in the
development column chromatographic
radionuclide generators for medical
applications.
• Success of diagnostic radionuclide imaging
using nuclear medicine techniques is primarily
due to the availability of 99Mo/99mTc generator
system
52. Nanorobots
• Dentin hypersensitivity is due to exposed
dentinal tubules because of loss of cementum
on root surfaces.
• Reconstructive dental nanorobots could
selectively and precisely occlude specific
tubules within minutes, offering patients a
quick and permanent cure.
