Ch 17 Risk Ratio.doc

•Download as DOC, PDF•

0 likes•4 views

A

Risk Ratio

Data & Analytics

17
Risk Ratio
The relative risk (RR) is the probability that a member of an
exposed group will develop a disease relative to the
probability that a member of an unexposed group will
develop that same disease.
/ exp
= / exp
disease osed
RR disease not osed
RR =1: association between exposure and disease unlikely
to exist.
RR= >1 increased risk of disease among those that have
been exposed.
RR = < 1decreased risk of disease among those that have
been exposed.
How far does RR need to be from 1 so that we can say with
some confidence that exposure have some effect on disease?
Example:
Disease is breast cancer (BC). A woman is considered to be
exposed if she gave birth (a baby) at or after the age of 25.
Exposure factor Disease or
condition
Total
Breast
ca
positive
Breast ca
negative
Exposed (gave
birth before 25)
2(a) 103 (b) 105 (a+b)
Not Exposed (do
not gave birth
before 25)
3 (c) 207 (d) 210 (c+d)
total 5 310 315

Biostatistics-151
/ exp
= / exp
disease osed
RR disease not osed
/( )
= /( )
a a b
RR c c d
+
+
2/105
= =1.33
3/ 210
RR
The collection of women who gave birth at a later age (>= 25)
are at increased risk for developing Breast ca.
Risk ratio
[Q:
 Write short notes on: Risk ratio. (BSMMU, July 2010,
July 2011)
 How the risk factors are assessed? Mention the
appropriate use of odds ratio and risk ratio. [BSMMU,
January, 2012
 How will you quantify risk factors for cohort and case-
control study? (BSMMU, MD Radiology, July, 2010)
Odds Ratio
The odds ratio (OR) is the odds of disease among exposed
individuals divided by the odds of disease among unexposed.
In above example
Odd of exposed= a/b
Odd of unexposed= c/d
/
,odds ratio (OR) = /
a b
So c d
Example:
From the data of above example, we can calculate OR as
follows:
2/103
odds ratio (OR) = =1.34
3/ 207
[Q. In a cohort study 250 women of urban area & 150 female of
rural area were followed up 12 urban women & 18 rural women

Biostatistics-152
gave birth to low birth weight infant. Does the incident of low
birth wt baby is higher in rural area?]

More Related Content

Similar to Ch 17 Risk Ratio.doc

observational analytical study

observational analytical study

observational analytical study

Dr. Partha Sarkar

Measures of frequency 1

Measures of frequency 1

Measures of frequency 1

Tumwebaze Mathias

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Concept f risk

yuva sri sai anumula

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

mohamed abdisalam dahir

APAPER

Melika Liporace

Statistics tests and Probablity

Statistics tests and Probablity

Statistics tests and Probablity

Abdul Wasay Baloch

Case control study

Case control study

Case control study

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the community on the hazards of smoking. A representative of the tobacco industry is present at your in-service and makes the following comment regarding your presentation: "You gave a nice presentation. However, I disagree with you that smoking can cause lung cancer. There is still not enough evidence to indicate that smoking can cause cancer." Your task is as follows: 1. Respond to his statement and indicate why there is a cause-effect relationship between smoking and lung cancer using the five criteria for causality . 2. What is your interpretation of the evidence on how smoking affects lung cancer? READ: FIVE CRITERIA FOR CAUSALITY Assignment Expectations, in order to earn full credit: Please write your paper in your own words. That is the only way I can evaluate your level Analytic epidemiology is defined as the study of the determinants of disease or reasons for relatively high or low frequency in specific groups. Analytic epidemiology answers questions regarding why the rate is high or low in a particular group. Observations of differences lead to formation of hypotheses. Analytic Studies There are basically two types of studies: experimental and observational. In an experimental study, the exposure has not occurred yet. The investigator controls the exposure in the study groups and studies the impact. For example, he may immunize one group with an experimental vaccine that has been developed for a disease and compare the frequency with which the disease develops to the control group (which had no modification). In an observational study, the exposure has already occurred. The exposures and outcomes are observed and analyzed, not created experimentally. Observational studies are often more practical and continue to provide the major contribution to our understanding of diseases. There are two main types of observational studies: cohort (prospective) and case-control (retrospective) studies. In a cohort study, a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period (cohort) are categorized based upon their exposure status. For example, individuals at a work place where an asbestos exposure occurred would be considered a cohort. Another example would be individuals attending a wedding where a foodborne illness occurred. Cohort studies have well-defined populations. Often, cohort studies involve following a cohort over time in order to determine the rate at which a disease develops in relation to the exposure. In a cohort study, relative risk is used to determine whether an association exists between an exposure and a disease. Relative risk is defined as ratio of the incidence rate among exposed individuals to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals. To calculate the relative risk, you would use the following formula: (a/a+b) / (c/c+d) where: a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed. b = the number of individ.

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

briancrawford30935

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the exposure of interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is mixed with the effect of another factor that is also associated with the disease. A confounder is therefore an alternative explanation for the observed association between an exposure and disease. The result of confounding is to distort the true association either towards or away from the null. Many epidemiologists refer to confounding as a type of bias. Example: Who can run faster, men or women? Exposure: gender Outcome: speed Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of women. All men and women in one town invited to participate in a road race. On race day, both men and women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than the women. CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender. But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women who ran the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age of women was 50 years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not because of their gender, but because they were younger. Another race is held, this time making sure that the ages in the two groups (men and women) are comparable. In other words, the men and women have same distribution of ages. Race result: Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than women. But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are longer. Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men and women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Men are faster than women, regardless of age or height. But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders, and only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this a reasonable conclusion?) The point of this exercise is to demonstrate that there are in fact often many alternative explanatory factors for the association between an exposure and an outcome. Properly considering potential confounding factors is an important part of any epidemiologic analysis. Criteria for confounding Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then the risk of disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the CONFOUNDING Excelsior College PBH321 2 characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different among people with the exposure compared to people witho ...

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

Analytic Studies There are basically two types of studies: experimental and observational. In an experimental study, the exposure has not occurred yet. The investigator controls the exposure in the study groups and studies the impact. For example, he may immunize one group with an experimental vaccine that has been developed for a disease and compare the frequency with which the disease develops to the control group (which had no modification). In an observational study, the exposure has already occurred. The exposures and outcomes are observed and analyzed, not created experimentally. Observational studies are often more practical and continue to provide the major contribution to our understanding of diseases. There are two main types of observational studies: cohort (prospective) and case-control (retrospective) studies. In a cohort study, a group of people who share a common experience within a defined time period (cohort) are categorized based upon their exposure status. For example, individuals at a work place where an asbestos exposure occurred would be considered a cohort. Another example would be individuals attending a wedding where a foodborne illness occurred. Cohort studies have well-defined populations. Often, cohort studies involve following a cohort over time in order to determine the rate at which a disease develops in relation to the exposure. In a cohort study, relative risk is used to determine whether an association exists between an exposure and a disease. Relative risk is defined as ratio of the incidence rate among exposed individuals to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals. To calculate the relative risk, you would use the following formula: (a/a+b) / (c/c+d) where: a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed. b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed. c = the number of individuals with a disease who were NOT exposed. d = the number of individuals without a disease who were NOT exposed. In a case-control study, the sample is based upon illness status, rather than exposure status. The researcher identifies a group of people who meet the case definition and a group of people who do not have the illness (controls). The objective is to determine if the two groups differ in the rate of exposure to a specific factor or factors. In contrast to a cohort study, the total number of people exposed in a case-control study is unknown. Therefore, relative risk cannot be used. Instead, an odds ratio or risk ratio is used. An odds ratio measures the odds that an exposed individual will develop a disease in comparison to an unexposed individual. Please click the button below to learn how to calculate an odds ratio. To calculate an odds ratio, you would use the following formula: ad/bc where: a = the number of individuals with a disease who were exposed. b = the number of individuals without a disease who were exposed. c = the number of individu.

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

rossskuddershamus

Measures of Association

Measures of Association

Measures of Association

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Mesfin Mulugeta

Chapter 3 Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology Learning Objectives Define and distinguish among ratios, proportions, and rates Explain the term population at risk Identify and calculate commonly used rates for morbidity, mortality, and natality State the meanings and applications of incidence rates and prevalence Learning Objectives (cont’d) Discuss limitations of crude rates and alternative measures for crude rates Apply direct and indirect methods to adjust rates List situations where direct and indirect adjustment should be used Overview of Epidemiologic Measures Count The simplest and most frequently performed quantitative measure in epidemiology. Refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied. Examples of Counts Cases of influenza reported in Westchester County, New York, during January of a particular year. Traffic fatalities in Manhattan in a 24-hour time period College dorm students who had mono Foreign-born stomach cancer patients Ratio The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another. Consists of a numerator and a denominator. The most general form has no specified relationship between numerator and denominator. Rates, proportions, and percentages are also ratios. Example of a Simple Sex Ratio Calculation A ratio may be expressed at = X/Y Simple sex ratio (data from textbook) Of 1,000 motorcycle fatalities, 950 victims are men and 50 are women. Number of male cases 950 Number of female cases 50 19:1 male to female = = Example of a Demographic Sex Ratio Calculation This ratio refers to the number of males per 100 females. In the U.S., the sex ratio in 2010 for the entire population was 96.7, indicating more females than males. Number of male cases 151,781,326 Number of female cases 156,964,212 96.7 X 100 = = X 100 Example of a Sex Ratio at Birth Calculation The sex ratio at birth is defined as: (the number of male births divided by the number of female births) multiplied by 1,000. Number of male births Number of female births X 1,000 Definition of Proportion A measure that states a count relative to the size of the group. A ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator. May be expressed as a percentage. Uses of Proportions Can demonstrate the magnitude of a problem. Example: 10 dormitory students develop hepatitis. How important is this problem? If only 20 students live in the dorm, 50% are ill. If 500 students live in the dorm, 2% are ill. Example of a Proportion Calculate the proportion of African-American male deaths among African-American and white boys aged 5 to 14 years. Rate Definition: a ratio that consists of a numerator and a denominator and in which time forms part of the denominator. Contains the following elements: disease frequency unit size of population time period during which an event occurs Crude death rate = Number of deaths in a given y ...

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

EstelaJeffery653

Measures Of Association

Measures Of Association

Measures Of Association

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the exposure of interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is mixed with the effect of another factor that is associated with the disease. A confounder is therefore an alternate explanation for observed association between an exposure and disease. The result of confounding is to distort the true association toward or away from the null. Many epidemiologists refer to confounding as a type of bias. Example: Who can run faster, men or women? Exposure: gender Outcome: speed Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of women. All men and women in one town were invited to participate in a road race. On race day, both men and women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than the women. CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender. But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women who ran the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age of women was 50 years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not because of their gender, but because they were younger. Another race is held, this time making sure ages in the two groups (men and women) are comparable. That is, the men and women have the same distribution of ages. Race result: Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than women. But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are longer. Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men and women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster. But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders, and only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this a reasonable conclusion?) Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 2 CRITERIA FOR CONFOUNDING Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then risk of disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different among people with the exposure compared to people without exposure (unbalanced between groups). In general, for a characteristic to be a confounder, it must be associated with both the outcome and the exposure under study. (Think about the race example: Why would age and height be reasonable explanations, but not hair length?) There are three major criteria that must be satisfied for a factor to be a confounde ...

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

Similar to Ch 17 Risk Ratio.doc (20)

observational analytical study

observational analytical study

observational analytical study

Measures of frequency 1

Measures of frequency 1

Measures of frequency 1

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Epidemiology, risk,rate,ratio,odd ratio

Concept f risk

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

Lecture measure of effect and disase causation

APAPER

Statistics tests and Probablity

Statistics tests and Probablity

Statistics tests and Probablity

Case control study

Case control study

Case control study

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

You have just finished a health education in-service to the communit.docx

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docx

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

Risky Business: Risk communicat ion in the provider-patient encounter

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

4. Measures of Association in -ER600.pptx

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

Analytic StudiesThere are basically two types of studies experi.docx

Measures of Association

Measures of Association

Measures of Association

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Meas.association [compatibility mode]

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

Chapter 3Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiol

Measures Of Association

Measures Of Association

Measures Of Association

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Common measures of association in medical research (UPDATED) 2013

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docx

More from AbedurRahman5

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 3 DATA.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

ch 18 roc.doc

ch 2 hypothesis

ch 2 hypothesis

ch 2 hypothesis

Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire Design

Research

Study design

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

More from AbedurRahman5 (19)

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 15 Measures of morbidity..doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

Ch 14 diagn test.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

ch 13 Correlation and regression.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

Ch 12 SIGNIFICANT TESTrr.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

ch 9 Confidence interval.doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

Ch 8 NORMAL DIST..doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

ch 7 Tertile, Quartile, and Percentile.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 6 DISPERSION.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 5 CENTRAL TENDENCY.doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 4 SAMPLE..doc

Ch 3 DATA.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 2 Variables.doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

Ch 1 Introduction..doc

ch 18 roc.doc

ch 2 hypothesis

ch 2 hypothesis

ch 2 hypothesis

Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire Design

Research

Study design

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Recently uploaded

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C 9548273370 Escort Service CALL GIRL IN Lucknow 9548273370 ❤CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE❤CALL GIRL IN #j11 We are Providing :- ● – Private independent collage Going girls . ● – independent Models . ● – House Wife’s . ● – Private Independent House Wife’s ● – Corporate M.N.C Working Profiles . ● – Call Center Girls . ● – Live Band Girls . ●- Foreigners & Many More . Service type: 1.In call 2.out call 3. full Lip to Lip kiss 4.69 5.b-job without Condom 6. Hard Core sex & Much More. 7 Body to Body Touch 8 Kissing 9 Sucking Boobs and More 10 Enjoy by Hand 11 Relax By Oral 12 Sex with Happy Ending • In Call and Out Call Service • 3* 5* 7* Hotels Service • 24 Hours Available • Indian, Russian, Punjabi, Kashmiri Escorts • Real Models, College Girls, House Wife, Also Available • Short Time and Full Time Service Available • Hygienic Full AC Neat and Clean Rooms Avail. In Hotel 24 hours • Daily Escorts Staff Available • Minimum to Maximu m Range Available.c

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Top profile Call Girls In Chandrapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We are available 24*7 Booking Contact Details :- WhatsApp Chat :- +91-7014168258 If you're looking for India Call girls you've come to the right place. You'll find some of the most beautiful call girls in our location with. These ladies have pleasing personalities, hot figures, and a passion for physical pleasure. Call girls in India Lucknow Many men have booked them for their erotic and soul-mixing performances, which are sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. #K09 Escort Service India is available in the city for men and women of all ages. They can satisfy your sexual needs and will make your experience even more enjoyable and memorable. Whether you're looking for a blow-job, stripping, lovemaking, or other dirty acts, you'll be able to find a match for your tastes and budget. These highly trained professionals will help you have an unforgettable night. One Shot — 5000/in call (time 1 hour), 6000/out call Two shot with one girl — 8000/in call (time 2 hour), 10000/out call Body to body massage with sex- 8000/in call (time 1 hour) Full night Service for one person– 12000/in call, 13000/out call (shot limit 3-4 shots) Full night Service for more than 1 person — please contact Us —7014168258 We are available 24*7 all days of the year. Call us — 7014168258 Thank you for Visiting.

Top profile Call Girls In Chandrapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Model...

原版定制【微信:153539019】《英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）》【微信:153539019】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信153539019】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信153539019】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

Discover how TrafficWave Generator can drive targeted, engaging visitors to your online assets and propel your business to new heights. Unlock the power of free, set-and-forget traffic today. Featuring a user-friendly interface, set-and-forget functionality, and the ability to monetize the traffic with your affiliate links or product offers, TrafficWave Generator is a game-changer for online entrepreneurs, bloggers, and e-commerce store owners alike. Backed by a 30-day money-back guarantee and comprehensive bonus offerings, this software has the potential to transform your traffic-generation and content-creation efforts, unlocking new levels of success in the digital marketing landscape.

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now Booking Contact Details :- WhatsApp Chat :- +91-7737669865 We offer all types of girls of your choice with space. Our escorts are fully cooperative and understand your needs. All types of call girls like Housewives, College girls,#K09 Russian girls, Muslim girls, Afghani girls, Bengali girls, Working girls, south Indian girls, Punjabi girls, etc. In-Call: — You Can Reach At Our Place in Bangalore Our place Which Is Very Clean Hygienic 100% safe Accommodation. Out-Call: — Service for Out Call You have To Come Pick The Girl From My Place We Also Provide Door-Step Services Hygienic: — Full Ac Neat And Clean Rooms Available In Hotel 24 * 7 Hrs In Bangalore Our Services and Rates: – One Shot — 2500/in call (time ½ hour), 5000/out call Two shot with one girl — 5000/in call (time 1 hour), 6000/out call Body to body massage with sex- 3000/in call (time 1 hour) full night for one person– 8000/in call, 10000/out call (shot limit 4 shot) We are available 24*7 all days of the year

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Service Booking Now open +91- 9332606886 Pune VIP Call Girls is highly qualified professionals. #S10 They will offer only top quality services and never try to scam or drain you of money; in fact, they strive to give complete satisfaction so that each cent spent was worth its worth. Furthermore, these professionals pride themselves in keeping customer details confidential; any information gleaned will never be shared with any third party.$V15 Two shots with one girl: ₹4500/in-call, ₹7500/out-call Body to body massage with : ₹5500/in-call Full night for one person: ₹7000/in-call, ₹12000/out-call •𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐞 𝐆𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 •𝐇𝐨𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐰𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 •𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 •𝐑𝐚𝐦𝐩 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐬 •𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐆𝐢𝐫𝐥𝐬 𝐎𝐮𝐫 𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 •𝐇𝐉 (𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐉𝐨𝐛) •𝐁𝐉 (𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐣𝐨𝐛) # Completion # (Oral To Completion) # Special Massage # O-Level (Oral ) # Oral With A Noncondom) # COB (Come On Body) # Extraball (Have Many Times) # All Meetings 100%Safe

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

kumargunjan9515

Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK Timothy Spann, Principal Developer Advocate, Streaming - Cloudera Future of Data meetup, startup grind, AI Camp The combination of Apache Flink, Apache NiFi, and Apache Kafka for building real-time data processing pipelines is extremely powerful, as demonstrated by this case study using the FLaNK-MTA project. The project leverages these technologies to process and analyze real-time data from the New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). FLaNK-MTA demonstrates how to efficiently collect, transform, and analyze high-volume data streams, enabling timely insights and decision-making. Apache NiFi Apache Kafka Apache Flink Apache Iceberg LLM Generative AI Slack Postgresql

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Context 1. Housing Agent collected resale prices on HDB apartments in Singapore. Objective 2. To predict resale prices in to advise his potential clients. Strategies 3. Explore & Clean data for analysis. 4. Perform K-Means Clustering, in Orange, to find possible segments in the customer data. 5. Tune the model to improve its performance. 6. Visualise the findings, share conclusions, and give insight-driven recommendations. Author: Anthony mok Date: 18 Nov 2023 Email: xxiaohao@yahoo.com

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

ThinkInnovation

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Digital advertising, or paid media, encompasses the strategic deployment of online advertisements to reach target audiences efficiently and effectively. This includes any digital platform that supports advertising to deliver unique messages for any objective. Understanding the mechanics of digital advertising platforms, along with insights into audience behaviors and preferences, allows marketers to optimize their ad spend and achieve significant engagement and conversion rates. This lecture is for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy (MGMTX 466.05) at UCLA Extension.

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Valters Lauzums

Top profile Call Girls In Vadodara [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We are available 24*7 Booking Contact Details :- WhatsApp Chat :- +91-7014168258 If you're looking for India Call girls you've come to the right place. You'll find some of the most beautiful call girls in our location with. These ladies have pleasing personalities, hot figures, and a passion for physical pleasure. Call girls in India Lucknow Many men have booked them for their erotic and soul-mixing performances, which are sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. #K09 Escort Service India is available in the city for men and women of all ages. They can satisfy your sexual needs and will make your experience even more enjoyable and memorable. Whether you're looking for a blow-job, stripping, lovemaking, or other dirty acts, you'll be able to find a match for your tastes and budget. These highly trained professionals will help you have an unforgettable night. One Shot — 5000/in call (time 1 hour), 6000/out call Two shot with one girl — 8000/in call (time 2 hour), 10000/out call Body to body massage with sex- 8000/in call (time 1 hour) Full night Service for one person– 12000/in call, 13000/out call (shot limit 3-4 shots) Full night Service for more than 1 person — please contact Us —7014168258 We are available 24*7 all days of the year. Call us — 7014168258 Thank you for Visiting.

Top profile Call Girls In Vadodara [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models ...

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

ranjankumarbehera14

Top profile Call Girls In dimapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We are available 24*7 Booking Contact Details :- WhatsApp Chat :- +91-7014168258 If you're looking for India Call girls you've come to the right place. You'll find some of the most beautiful call girls in our location with. These ladies have pleasing personalities, hot figures, and a passion for physical pleasure. Call girls in India Lucknow Many men have booked them for their erotic and soul-mixing performances, which are sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. #K09 Escort Service India is available in the city for men and women of all ages. They can satisfy your sexual needs and will make your experience even more enjoyable and memorable. Whether you're looking for a blow-job, stripping, lovemaking, or other dirty acts, you'll be able to find a match for your tastes and budget. These highly trained professionals will help you have an unforgettable night. One Shot — 5000/in call (time 1 hour), 6000/out call Two shot with one girl — 8000/in call (time 2 hour), 10000/out call Body to body massage with sex- 8000/in call (time 1 hour) Full night Service for one person– 12000/in call, 13000/out call (shot limit 3-4 shots) Full night Service for more than 1 person — please contact Us —7014168258 We are available 24*7 all days of the year. Call us — 7014168258 Thank you for Visiting.

Top profile Call Girls In dimapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models W...

Top profile Call Girls In Purnia [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We are available 24*7 Booking Contact Details :- WhatsApp Chat :- +91-7014168258 If you're looking for India Call girls you've come to the right place. You'll find some of the most beautiful call girls in our location with. These ladies have pleasing personalities, hot figures, and a passion for physical pleasure. Call girls in India Lucknow Many men have booked them for their erotic and soul-mixing performances, which are sure to leave you with unforgettable memories. #K09 Escort Service India is available in the city for men and women of all ages. They can satisfy your sexual needs and will make your experience even more enjoyable and memorable. Whether you're looking for a blow-job, stripping, lovemaking, or other dirty acts, you'll be able to find a match for your tastes and budget. These highly trained professionals will help you have an unforgettable night. One Shot — 5000/in call (time 1 hour), 6000/out call Two shot with one girl — 8000/in call (time 2 hour), 10000/out call Body to body massage with sex- 8000/in call (time 1 hour) Full night Service for one person– 12000/in call, 13000/out call (shot limit 3-4 shots) Full night Service for more than 1 person — please contact Us —7014168258 We are available 24*7 all days of the year. Call us — 7014168258 Thank you for Visiting.

Top profile Call Girls In Purnia [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We...

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Klinik_ Apotek Onlin 085657271886 Solusi Menggugurkan Masalah Kehamilan Anda Jual Obat Aborsi Asli KLINIK ABORSI TERPEECAYA _ Jual Obat Aborsi Cytotec Misoprostol Asli 100% Ampuh Hanya 3 Jam Langsung Gugur || OBAT PENGGUGUR KANDUNGAN AMPUH MANJUR OBAT ABORSI OLINE" APOTIK Jual Obat Cytotec, Gastrul, Gynecoside Asli Ampuh. JUAL ” Obat Aborsi Tuntas | Obat Aborsi Manjur | Obat Aborsi Ampuh | Obat Penggugur Janin | Obat Pencegah Kehamilan | Obat Pelancar Haid | Obat terlambat Bulan | Ciri Obat Aborsi Asli | Obat Telat Bulan | Pil Aborsi Asli | Cara Menggugurkan Konten | Cara Aborsi Tuntas | Harga Obat Aborsi Asli | Pil Aborsi | Jual Obat Aborsi Cytotec | Cara Aborsi Sendiri | Cara Aborsi Usia 1 Bulan | Cara Aborsi Usia 2 Tahun | Cara Aborsi Usia 3 Bulan | Obat Aborsi Usia 4 Bulan | Cara Abrasi Usia 5 Bulan | Cara Menggugurkan Konten | Kandungan Obat Penggugur | Cara Menghitung Usia Konten | Cara Mengatasi Terlambat Bulan | Penjual Obat Aborsi Asli | Obat Aborsi Garansi | Kandungan Obat Peluntur | Obat Telat Datang Bulan | Obat Telat Haid | Obat Aborsi Paling Murah | Klinik Jual Obat Aborsi | Jual Pil Cytotec | Apotik Jual Obat Aborsi | Kandungan Dokter Abrasi | Cara Aborsi Cepat | Jual Obat Aborsi Bergaransi | Jual Obat Cytotec Asli | Obat Aborsi Aman Manjur | Obat Misoprostol Cytotec Asli. "APA ITU ABORSI" “Aborsi Adalah dengan membendung hormon yang di perlukan untuk mempertahankan kehamilan yaitu hormon progesteron, karena hormon ini dibendung, maka jalur kehamilan mulai membuka dan leher rahim menjadi melunak,sehingga mengeluarkan darah yang merupakan tanda bahwa obat telah bekerja || maksimal 1 jam obat diminum || PENJELASAN OBAT ABORSI USIA 1 _7 BULAN Pada usia kandungan ini, pasien akan merasakan sakit yang sedikit tidak berlebihan || sekitar 1 jam ||. namun hanya akan terjadi pada saatdarah keluar merupakan pertanda menstruasi. Hal ini dikarenakan pada usiakandungan 3 bulan,janin sudah terbentuk sebesar kepalan tangan orang dewasa. Cara kerja obat aborsi : JUAL OBAT ABORSI AMPUH dosis 3 bulan secara umum sama dengan cara kerja || DOSIS OBAT ABORSI 2 bulan”, hanya berbedanya selain mengisolasijanin juga menghancurkan janin dengan formula methotrexate dikandungdidalamnya. Formula methotrexate ini sangat ampuh untuk menghancurkan janinmenjadi serpihan-serpihan kecil akan sangat berguna pada saat dikeluarkan nanti. APA ALASAN WANITA MELAKUKAN ABORSI? Aborsi di lakukan wanita hamil baik yang sudah menikah maupun belum menikah dengan berbagai alasan , akan tetapi alasan yang utama adalah alasan-alasan non medis (termasuk aborsi sendiri / di sengaja/ buatan] MELAYANI PEMESANAN OBAT ABORSI SETIAP HARI, SIAP KIRIM KESELURUH KOTA BESAR DI INDONESIA DAN LUAR NEGERI. HUBUNGI PEMESANAN LEBIH NYAMAN VIA WA/: 085657271886

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Klinik kandungan

#Dubai Call Girls Agency +971525547819 #Indian And Pakistani Call Girls Dubai #Dubai Indian Call Girls Agency Class Call Girls In Dubai #First Class Call Girls In Dubai #Full Massage Services Call Girls In Dubai #Al Jaddaf,Al Jaffiliya,Business Bay,Al Karama,Bur Dubai,Deira,Dubai,Palm Jumeirah,Al Wasl,Trade Centre,Dubai Mall,JBR,JVC,JLT,Discovery Garden #Dubai Call Girls Services Provide In Ajman_Dubai_RAK_UMQ_Fujairah_Abu_Dhabi#Indian #Tamil #Kerala #Russian #Philippine #Morocco #Thailand #English Models In Dubai #If You Want Serv#Dubai Pakistani Call Girls Agency #Beautiful Call Girls in Dubai #High ices Just Send Me Text On Whatsapp +971525547819 #Website Link http://Dubaicallgirls.pro https://chatwith.io/s/65d1df48b2992

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Recently uploaded (20)

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Charbagh + Female Escorts Service in Lucknow | Starting ₹,5K To @25k with A/C...

Top profile Call Girls In Chandrapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Model...

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

如何办理英国诺森比亚大学毕业证（NU毕业证书）成绩单原件一模一样

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

TrafficWave Generator Will Instantly drive targeted and engaging traffic back...

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Vadodara 💋 Call Girl 7737669865 Call Girls in Vadodara Escort service book now

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

Top Call Girls in Balaghat 9332606886Call Girls Advance Cash On Delivery Ser...

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

DATA SUMMIT 24 Building Real-Time Pipelines With FLaNK

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Ranking and Scoring Exercises for Research

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

Predicting HDB Resale Prices - Conducting Linear Regression Analysis With Orange

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Digital Transformation Playbook by Graham Ware

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Statistics notes ,it includes mean to index numbers

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Digital Advertising Lecture for Advanced Digital & Social Media Strategy at U...

Top profile Call Girls In Vadodara [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models ...

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

20240412-SmartCityIndex-2024-Full-Report.pdf

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

Lecture_2_Deep_Learning_Overview-newone1

Top profile Call Girls In dimapur [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models W...

Top profile Call Girls In Purnia [ 7014168258 ] Call Me For Genuine Models We...

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Gartner's Data Analytics Maturity Model.pptx

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Jual obat aborsi Bandung ( 085657271886 ) Cytote pil telat bulan penggugur ka...

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Dubai Call Girls Peeing O525547819 Call Girls Dubai

Ch 17 Risk Ratio.doc

1. 17 Risk Ratio The relative risk (RR) is the probability that a member of an exposed group will develop a disease relative to the probability that a member of an unexposed group will develop that same disease. / exp = / exp disease osed RR disease not osed RR =1: association between exposure and disease unlikely to exist. RR= >1 increased risk of disease among those that have been exposed. RR = < 1decreased risk of disease among those that have been exposed. How far does RR need to be from 1 so that we can say with some confidence that exposure have some effect on disease? Example: Disease is breast cancer (BC). A woman is considered to be exposed if she gave birth (a baby) at or after the age of 25. Exposure factor Disease or condition Total Breast ca positive Breast ca negative Exposed (gave birth before 25) 2(a) 103 (b) 105 (a+b) Not Exposed (do not gave birth before 25) 3 (c) 207 (d) 210 (c+d) total 5 310 315

2. Biostatistics-151 / exp = / exp disease osed RR disease not osed /( ) = /( ) a a b RR c c d + + 2/105 = =1.33 3/ 210 RR The collection of women who gave birth at a later age (>= 25) are at increased risk for developing Breast ca. Risk ratio [Q:  Write short notes on: Risk ratio. (BSMMU, July 2010, July 2011)  How the risk factors are assessed? Mention the appropriate use of odds ratio and risk ratio. [BSMMU, January, 2012  How will you quantify risk factors for cohort and case- control study? (BSMMU, MD Radiology, July, 2010) Odds Ratio The odds ratio (OR) is the odds of disease among exposed individuals divided by the odds of disease among unexposed. In above example Odd of exposed= a/b Odd of unexposed= c/d / ,odds ratio (OR) = / a b So c d Example: From the data of above example, we can calculate OR as follows: 2/103 odds ratio (OR) = =1.34 3/ 207 [Q. In a cohort study 250 women of urban area & 150 female of rural area were followed up 12 urban women & 18 rural women

3. Biostatistics-152 gave birth to low birth weight infant. Does the incident of low birth wt baby is higher in rural area?]