technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products

1. Biotechnology
and Genetic
Engineering

2. Biotechnology
technology that utilizes
biological systems, living
organisms or parts of this
to develop or create
different products

3. Genetic Engineering
It , is the modification and
manipulation of an
organism's genes using technology.

4. Genetic engineering, also
called
genetic modification or
genetic manipulation.

5. It may also mean the
process of altering
the DNA in an
organism’s genome.

6. This may mean changing
one base pair (A-T or C-G),
deleting a whole region of DNA,
or introducing an additional
copy of a gene.

7. The organism/Plant receiving
the DNA is said to be
genetically modified (GM).

8. Goal 0f Genetic
engineering
to enhance or modify the
characteristics of an
individual organism.

9. Basic Terms

10. DNA -
deoxyribonucleic acid.
This molecule consists of
two long chains of chemicals;
nucleotides that twist around
each other in a double helix.

12. Each nucleotide contains one of
four nitrogen-containing bases:
adenine (A), thymine (T),
cytosine (C) and guanine (G).

13. The sequence of these bases
constitutes the genetic code -
that specifies the order and
number of amino acids in a
protein.

14. DNA can be copied or
'replicated' - each strand
acts as a template for the
generation of the
complementary strand.

15. plasmid

16. •a small circular DNA
molecule found in bacteria
and some other microscopic
organisms.
•Plasmids are physically
separate from chromosomal
DNA and replicate
independently

17. Vector
is any particle used as a vehicle to
artificially carry a foreign nucleic
sequence – usually DNA

18. Vectors
 Plasmids
 Viruses
 Particles ( DNA coated
bullets)
 Exogenous DNA

19. Characteristics of a Vector
 Can replicate independently in
the host cell – contains an Ori
 Has restriction sites in the
vector- Polylinker cloning region
 Has a reporter gene that will
announce its presence in the
host cell
 Is a small size in comparison to
the host chromosome for ease
of isolation

20. DNA construct/recombinant
DNA
is an artificially-designed segment
of DNA

21. A construct is usually created
and used to insert this DNA
into the host organism

22. Thus Genetic engineering,
also called recombinant
DNA technology

23. Basic STEPS
Genetic Engineering
three basic steps.

25. (1) The isolation of DNA
fragments from a donor
organism;
(2) The insertion of an isolated
donor DNA fragment into a
vector genome and
(3) The growth of a recombinant
vector in an appropriate host.

26. The process of
genetic engineering
(e.g. Insulin)

28. •The location of the section of DNA containing
the gene for making the human protein insulin
must be identified
•A specific enzyme is used to extract the
required gene from the human chromosome.
•Plasmids are then removed from bacterial cells.
•The DNA of the plasmids is cut open with a
specific enzyme.
•The human insulin gene is inserted into each
plasmid.
•The plasmid acts as a vector - it is used to
transfer DNA from one organism to another.

29. •Bacterial cells are made to take up the
genetically modified plasmids.
•Bacterial cells that successfully take up
plasmids are described as being transformed.
They can also be called genetically modified
organisms. The bacteria are host cells for the
plasmids.
•Each bacterial cell will produce a tiny mass of
insulin.
•By culturing the genetically modified bacteria
large quantities of insulin protein can be
produced and extracted.

30. Genetic Engineering in Health
and Diseases

31. Gene therapy
Gene therapy treat a genetic
disease

32. Many different cancers
including lung, gynecological,
skin, urological, neurological,
and gastrointestinal tumors, as
well as hematological
malignancies and pediatric
tumors, have been targeted
through gene therapy.

33. In cardiovascular field, gene
therapy provide a new avenue for
therapeutic angiogenesis,
myocardial protection,
regeneration and repair,
prevention of restenosis
following angioplasty, prevention
of bypass graft failure etc.

34. Metastatic cancer can be
regressed through
immunotherapy based on the
adoptive transfer of gene-
engineered T-cells.

35. Virus-mediated delivery of the
CRISPR/Cas9 Gene system to
somatic cells of adult animals
induces specific chromosomal
rearrangements

36. Viral gene therapy is one of
the leading and important
therapies for head and neck
cancer.

37. Production of
Antibodies and Their
Derivatives
Plant systems have been recently used
for the expression and development of
different antibodies and their
derivatives.
Diagnosis and therapy of tumors can be
carried out with the help of antibodies

38. Investigation of the Drug
Metabolism
Complex system of drug metabolizing
enzymes is crucial to be investigated for the
proper efficacy and effects of drugs.
Recombinant DNA approaches have recently
contributed its role in this process

39. Development of Vaccines
and Recombinant
Hormones
recombinant vaccines have
higher efficacy and specificity
than conventional vaccines

40. Medically Important
Compounds in Berries
Improvement in nutritional
values of strawberries has
been carried through rolC
gene. This gene increases the
sugar content and antioxidant
activity.

41. THANK YOU ALL