أخلاقيات النشر العلمي

1. (
‫التوفيق‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫نسأل‬ ‫للجميع‬ ‫هدية‬ ‫المحاضرات‬ ‫هذه‬
)
Research Ethics
‫العلمي‬ ‫والنشر‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أخالقيات‬
Dr EZIZ ALFAHD
afkaabba@gmail.com

3. ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫صلى‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫رسول‬ ‫قال‬
‫وسلم‬
(
‫األخالق‬ ‫مكارم‬ ‫ألتمم‬ ‫بعثت‬ ‫إنما‬
(
‫القيامة‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫منازل‬ ‫مني‬ ‫وأقربكم‬ ‫إلي‬ ‫أحبكم‬ ‫إن‬
‫أخالقا‬ ‫احاسنكم‬
)
(
‫حسن‬ ٌ‫ق‬‫خل‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫مااعطي‬ ‫خير‬
).
(
‫الحسن‬ ‫الخلق‬ ‫الميزان‬ ‫في‬ ‫شئ‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫إن‬
)
(
‫أخالقا‬ ‫احاسنكم‬ ‫خياركم‬ ‫أن‬
)
‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أخالقيات‬ ‫المهمة‬ ‫األخالق‬ ‫ومن‬

4. ‫العلمية‬ ‫األبحاث‬ ‫ونشر‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫نريد‬ ‫لماذا‬
1
-
‫الكبرى‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫والمراكز‬ ‫للشهرة‬
2
-
‫والعمل‬ ‫للوظيفة‬
3
-
‫والمكسب‬ ‫للمال‬
4
-
‫العلمية‬ ‫للترقية‬
5
-
‫والخبرات‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫ومشاركة‬ ‫للمؤتمرات‬
6
-
‫أخرى‬

6. Types of Study Design
‫األبحاث‬ ‫وتصنيف‬ ‫أنوع‬
Study Designs
‫وصفية‬ ‫بحوث‬
Descriptive studies
‫مسحية‬ ‫دراسات‬
Surveys
Case report-
study
‫خاصة‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫دراسة‬
Case series
‫حاالت‬ ‫دراسة‬
‫تطبيقية‬
‫وتحليلية‬ Analytical
-
‫المالحظة‬
-
‫وصفي‬
Observational
Ecological Cross-sectional
study -
‫مقطعية‬
Cohort study-
‫مستقبلية‬ ‫دراسة‬
Case-control- ‫دراسة‬
‫للوراء‬ ‫رجعية‬
‫تجريبيه‬ Experimental
Controlled Trials
Randomized Non-randomized
Uncontrolled
(no comparison
gp)

7. Meta-analysis and systematic
reviews of RCTs
Randomized controlled Trial
study (RCTs)
RCTs followed by
non-randomized CTs
Cohort studies
Case-control studies
Cross-sectional Studies
Ecologic Studies
Case-series / Case-reports
Sources:
Murad MH, Asi N, Alsawas M, Alahdab F. New evidence pyramid. Evid Based Med 2016; 21(4): 125-7
Kunzli et al. The Semi-individual Study in Air Pollution Epidemiology; A Valid Design as Compared to
Ecologic Studies. EHP 1997, 105 (10).
Hierarchy of Evidence

8. ‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫ننشر‬ ‫كيف‬
HOW TO PUBLISH PAPER

9. How to
choose the
right journal?
Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Healthcare Research

10. What editors look for in
a good manuscript ?
•Quality ‫البحث‬ ‫جودة‬
• good science: well, planned, well executed study
• good presentation – Abstract ??
•Significance and originality ‫البحث‬ ‫وتأصيل‬ ‫أهمية‬
•Consistent with scope of journal ‫بالمجلة‬ ‫عالقتة‬
•Demonstrated broad interest to readership
•Will it cite?
•Well written ‘story’ ‫الكتابة‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫فن‬
•Author enthusiasm ‫والبحث‬ ‫للفكرة‬ ‫المؤلف‬ ‫حماس‬

11. Attracting the editor/reader
• There are lots of opportunities for rejection!
• Remember: your paper is competing with many
others for the attention of editors and readers
• Title
– Brief, interesting, accurate and Attractive .
• Abstract
– Attract readers to your paper
– Aim for 4 sections: why, how, what and implications
– Include important keywords for searching
– Make it clear and easy to read

12. What constitutes a good journal?
Impact factor – (web of Science) ‫العلوم‬ ‫شبكة‬ ISI
average number of times published papers are cited up to two
years after publication.
( ‫االخيرة‬ ‫سنتين‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫األستشهادات‬ ‫عدد‬) ‫المجلة‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫لقياس‬
Immediacy Index –
average number of times published papers are cited during year of
publication.
( ‫االخيرة‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫األستشهادات‬ ‫عدد‬)
H-index- ‫هيرسك‬ ‫مؤشر‬- Scopus
‫بينهم‬ ‫والمفاضلة‬ ‫الباحثين‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫مقياس‬
(
‫األخرين‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫ببحوث‬ ‫األستشهاد‬ ‫مرات‬ ‫عدد‬
‫نفسها‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫بقاعدة‬ ‫مفهرسة‬ ‫علمية‬ ‫مجالت‬ ‫في‬
.
Google Scholar ( google scholar Metrics )

13. The Editor’s Decision
• Based on the peer reviewers’ advice, the
editor’s own evaluation, the amount of space
in the journal, other factors
• Options:
– Accept as is (rare)
– Accept if suitably revised
– Reconsider if revised
– Reject ( more in good journals)

14. Journal publishing process
Submission Refereeing
Reject
Revision Acceptance Publication
More revision
Reject Reject
Reject

15. 15
Source: erm.wustl.edu/Dodson_ERM_3.27.08.pdf

16. ‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫أخالقيات‬
Research Ethics

17. (Our Objectives in this presentation )
To Know and to Discuss What is the :
1. Research Ethics?
2. What are the most important Principles of
research ethics ?
3. Scientific Misconduct ( ‫سوء‬
‫السلوك‬
-
‫السرقات‬ )
4. Guidelines of research ethics.
5. Ethics committees in research( IRB or REC).

19. Top ten “POOR” behaviors
► 1. Falsifying or ‘cooking’ research data
► 2. Ignoring major aspects of human-subject requirements
► 3. Not properly disclosing involvement in firms whose
products are based on one‘s own research
► 4. Relationships with students, research subjects or clients
that may be interpreted as questionable
► 5. Using another’s ideas without obtaining permission or
giving due credit (plagiarism)
► 6. Unauthorized use of confidential information in
connection with one’s own research
► 7. Failing to present data that contradict one’s own
previous research ????
► 8. Circumventing certain minor aspects of human-subject
requirements

20. Top ten behaviors
(continued)
► 9. Overlooking others' use of wrong or unpropertied data
or questionable
interpretation of data
► 10. Changing the design, methodology or results of a study in
response to pressure from a funding source (falsification)
► Other behaviors
► 11. Publishing the same data or results in two or more
publications
► 12. Inappropriately assigning authorship credit
► 13. Withholding details of methodology or results in papers or
proposals
► 14. Using inadequate or inappropriate research designs
► 15. Dropping observations or data points from analyses based
on a gut feeling that they were inaccurate
► 16. Inadequate record keeping related to research projects

21. Privacy vs. Confidentiality
Privacy
 About people
 Sense of being in
control of access
that others have to
ourselves
 A Right to be
Protected
Confidentiality
 Extension of privacy
 About identifiable data
 an Agreement about
maintenance and who
has access to
identifiable data
 HIPAA - protects patients
from inappropriate
disclosures of "Protected
Health Information" (PHI)
‫من‬
‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أخالقيات‬
v
‫المصداقية‬
(Truthfulness)
v
‫المهنية‬
)
Professionalism
(
v
‫السالمة‬
(Safety)
v
‫الثقة‬
(Trust)
v
‫الموافقة‬
Consent)
(

22. Definitions
 Privacy –
 about people and our sense of being in
control of others access to ourselves or to
information about ourselves with others.
 Confidentiality –
 treatment of identifiable, private
information that has been disclosed to
others.
‫من‬
‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أخلقيات‬
v
‫المصداقية‬
(Truthfulness)
v
‫المهنية‬
)
Professionalism
(
v
‫السلمة‬
(Safety)
v
‫الثقة‬
(Trust)
v
‫الموافقة‬
Consent)
(
v
‫الدقة‬
)
Accuracy
(
v
‫المسؤولية‬
)
(Responsibility)
v
‫االمانة‬
‫العلمية‬
)
(Integrity)
v
‫التعاون‬
)
Collaboration
(
v
‫المعلومات‬ ‫سرية‬
Confidentiality
)
(
v
‫الموضوعية‬
)
Objectivity
(
‫أخالقيات‬
‫البحث‬
‫العلمي‬

23. Informed Consent
 NOT just a signed document
 NOT a one time event
A process of shared
decision-making
between subject
and investigator.
• Consent- is An
Autonomous
authorization of
a medical
intervention
by… individual
patients-
(Beauchamp
(2004)

24. Parties of Research Ethics
REC or IRB
Researcher
Sponsor
Community representative

25. 2nd level
Expedited Review
1st level
‫اللجنة‬
Full Board Review
3rd level
Exempt Status
‫فرعية‬ ‫لجان‬ ‫لها‬ ‫وتكون‬ ‫وتدقق‬ ‫تراجع‬ ‫اللجنة‬ ‫هذه‬
‫العلمية‬ ‫لألخالقيات‬ ‫الدائمة‬ ‫اللجنة‬

26. Scientific correctness ‫العلمية‬ ‫الناحية‬
Appropriate informed consent ‫المتنورة‬ ‫الموافقة‬
Confidentiality protection ‫السرية‬
Compliance with the protocol ‫البحث‬ ‫متابعة‬
Respect the research integrity ‫البحث‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫وتناسق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤول‬
Compliance with REC (IRB ) requirements ‫البحوث‬ ‫بأخالقيات‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫اللجنة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التواصل‬
Responsible for writing and publication of the Research -Post-study duties
P .I Primary investigator
Responsibilities ‫الرئيس‬ ‫الباحث‬

28. “Misconduct in Science means fabrication, falsification,
plagiarism or other practices that seriously deviate
from commonly accepted within the scientific
community for proposing, conducting, or reporting
research.”
US federal policy, 42 CFR 50.102
Definition of Scientific Misconduct (
(
‫السلوك‬ ‫سوء‬
-
‫السرقات‬

29. It does not include honest error or
honest differences in
interpretations or judgment of data
Definition of Scientific Misconduct

30. Scientific Misconduct – 1 -
•1- Research Fraud ( ‫البحثي‬ ‫أإلحتيال‬ )
•Fabrication – making it up
• (
‫التلفيق‬
-
‫أصال‬ ‫موجدة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫معلومات‬
)
• Falsification – changing the true description
‫التزييف‬
/
‫التزوير‬
-
‫الموجودة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫تغيير‬
) )
• 2- Plagiarism ‫السرقة‬ – taking the words and ideas of
others without citation (
‫انتحال‬
‫وسرقة‬
‫الكلمات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اآلراء‬
) that
seriously deviate from the Reality .

31. Scientific Misconduct – 2 -
•.
•3- Other Misconduct
• self plagiarism -
• add my name to Research without any participation .
• salami publication ‫أبحاث‬ ‫لعدة‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫استخدام‬ .
•change in scientific certifications .
• cheating in Exam .
•conflict of interest .
•Publishing in fake ( not real Journals )

32. DOCUMENTATION
‫التوثيق‬
-
‫بمصدره‬ ‫النص‬ ‫إلحاق‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫هو‬
‫القارئ‬ ‫إمداد‬ ‫و‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫بصورة‬ ‫االصلي‬
‫المصدر‬ ‫لتتبع‬ ‫كافية‬ ‫بمعلومات‬
 Reference ‫المصادر‬ ‫قائمة‬
 A reference is the bibliographic information

33. Survey of College Students
(200) students assignments
 75 % admit to some cheating.
 41 % have Plagiarized through the Internet.
The Center for Academic Integrity, 2002.

34. Types of Misconduct Total %
Fabrication 18
Falsification 64
Plagiarism 8
Fabrication/Falsification 47
Other 13
*Adapted from report of Office of Research Integrity, Scientific Misconduct Investigations
(ORI,)
Type of Misconduct in other study
in 150 Cases: of student's report

35. It is making up data or results and
recording or reporting them.
( Creation of data without proper experimentation
or changing the numbers to improve the results).
Fabrication ‫التلفيق‬
-
‫معلومات‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫غير‬

36. Misconduct – Examples:
Fabrication:
• Creating records/ Filling up missing data.
• Making up progress reports
• Creating records of calls and follow-up
(ORI web-site of Office of Research Integrity, )

37. Manipulating research materials,
equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in
the research record.
Falsification -
‫التزييف‬
/
‫التزوير‬
-
‫تغيير‬
‫المعلومات‬

38. Fraud or Falsification
 Fraud means: ‫االنتحال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التزييف‬
 Turning in someone else's writing as your
own;
 Inventing statistics or sources that do not
exist;
 Falsifying evidence.
 ‫العلمي‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫تهمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقوع‬

39. Misconduct – Examples:
Falsifications:
 Subject substitution one for another.
 False reporting of data.
 Altering results of subject’s eligibility visit.
 Altering dates on screening.
 Failing to update subject’s record when it is
required.
 Altering tests on blood samples.
 Falsifying the times that blood samples were
drawn from human subjects.

40. ‫الخاطئة‬ ‫السلوكية‬ ‫الممارسات‬ ‫بعض‬
1
-
‫االمتحانات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الغش‬
2
-
‫والمؤلفات‬ ‫الشهادات‬ ‫في‬ ‫التزوير‬
3
-
‫العلمية‬ ‫السرقات‬
4
-
‫العلمية‬ ‫لألبحاث‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أألبحاث‬ ‫في‬ ‫تغيير‬
5
-
‫حقيقي‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫غير‬ ‫من‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫في‬ ‫أألسماء‬ ‫وضع‬
6
-
‫األبحاث‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫والطالب‬ ‫األخرين‬ ‫إستغالل‬
7
-
‫نفسه‬ ‫للشخص‬ ‫سابق‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫النفس‬ ‫من‬ ‫السرقة‬
‫؟‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ‫وغيرها‬

42. “the appropriation of another person’s
ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.”
Plagiarism ‫الكلمات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اآلراء‬ ‫انتحال‬

43. Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Is the presentation of words, ideas, images, or
creative works without
giving proper credit to their originators.
It is an academic crime—even when
plagiarism is unintentional.

‫العلمي‬ ‫للسطو‬ ‫مبسط‬ ‫تعريف‬

44. Misconduct – Examples:
Plagiarism:
 Copycat (verbatim) of large portions of
another publication without attribution.
 Rephrasing of an original idea as one’s own
original idea without attribution.
 Lack of acknowledgement of previous work.
 - ‫نفسه‬ ‫الشخص‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫السرقة‬
- ( self plagiarism).

45. Duplication of publication
Repeat publication or
publication of the same work
in a different journal or forum.
Occasionally, an article may be a
chapter in another book or
symposium.

46. • Money
• Reputation
• Fame (International recognition/Nobel Prize .
• Conflict of Interest
• Promotion
• Pressure to produce
• Poor Training
• Complex research environment/competition
Factors Contributing and
supporting Scientific Misconduct

47. ‫العلمية‬ ‫السرقات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الوقوع‬ ‫أسباب‬ - 10
1
-
‫العلمي‬ ‫بالبحث‬ ‫والمعرفة‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫المهارات‬ ‫تدني‬
2
-
‫االنجليزية‬ ‫واللغة‬ ‫اللغوية‬ ‫المهارات‬ ‫تدني‬
3
-
‫العلمي‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫بخطورة‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫انخفاض‬
4
-
‫الخبرة‬ ‫وقلة‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫النزاهة‬ ‫ثقافة‬ ‫نضج‬ ‫عدم‬
5
-
‫علي‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫وتفضيل‬ ‫النجاح‬ ‫و‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫الدرجة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫للحصول‬ ‫السعى‬
‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫والجهد‬ ‫والمعرفة‬ ‫التعلم‬
6
-
‫العامة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫بخصوص‬ ‫المفاهيم‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الخلط‬
7
-
‫السريع‬ ‫المادي‬ ‫الربح‬
8
-
‫والمشرفين‬ ‫الجامعات‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرقابة‬ ‫وقلة‬ ‫األنظمة‬ ‫ضعف‬
9
-
‫المصادر‬ ‫ثبت‬ ‫و‬ ‫االسناد‬ ‫بتقنيات‬ ‫الوعي‬ ‫قلة‬
10
-
‫ومراقبته‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخوف‬ ‫قلة‬
.

48. ‫العلمي‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫أنواع‬
Intentional Plagiarism…….….…….. ‫مقصود‬ ‫سطو‬
Non-intentional Plagiarism ........ ‫مقصود‬ ‫غير‬ ‫سطو‬
Major Plagiarism ……………..…. ‫واضح‬ ‫سطو‬
‫وبكثرة‬
Simple Plagiarism ............................. ‫بسيط‬ ‫سطو‬
Accidental Plagiarism ……….. ‫عرضي‬ ‫سطو‬
‫بالصدفة‬
Plagiarism ‫سطو‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫كان‬ ً‫ا‬‫أي‬
‫بالجهل‬ ‫يعذر‬ ‫وال‬ ‫االكاديمية‬ ‫النزاهة‬ ‫تمس‬ ‫جريمة‬
‫األخرين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعدي‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫أو‬

50. ‫العلمي‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫تهمة‬ ‫لتجنب‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الطرق‬
‫العلمي‬ ‫السطو‬ ‫تهمة‬ ‫تجنبك‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫هناك‬
:
*****************************
Quotation ‫االقتباس‬
-
1
Paraphrasing ‫الصياغة‬ ‫إعادة‬
-
2
Summarization ‫التلخيص‬
-
3
‫المراجع‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫من‬ ‫البد‬ ‫ولكن‬

51. • Inquiry ( ‫واستعالم‬ ‫)استفسار‬
• Investigation ‫والتحقيق‬ ‫الفحص‬
) )
• Adjudication ) ‫)المقاضاة‬
Three Phases of Handling
Misconduct Issues

52. Who Can Be Cited For
Misconduct
 Primary Investigator
(He-She is responsible for all study activities)
 Sub Investigators
 Research Staff

53. Plagiarism Detection Tools
 During the 20 years that OSI/ORI have existed,
investigators have developed a number of computer-
assisted tools and approaches to help strengthen
institutional findings. As
 grammerly programmer
 Research by ORI (office of Research Integrity)

54. Many FREE Plagiarism Detection Tools
Anti-Plagiarism
Anti-Plagiarism is a software designed to effectively detect and thereby prevent
plagiarism.
DupliChecker
PaperRater
Paper Rater offers three tools: Grammar Checking, Plagiarism Detection and Writing
Suggestions.
Plagiarisma.net
PlagiarismChecker
PlagiarismChecker.com makes it simple for educators to check whether a student's
paper has been copied from the Internet.
Plagium
PlagTracker

55. -Legal-Law ‫النظامية‬ ‫الناحية‬
‫والقانونية‬

56. How to Prevent It
Training, training, and
more
‫والتدريب‬ ‫المعرفة‬
‫للجميع‬ ‫والتعليم‬

59. - FINAL SUMMARY
Scientific Misconduct Definition
• Fabrication – making it up
• (
‫التلفيق‬
-
‫أصال‬ ‫موجدة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫معلومات‬
)
• Falsification – changing the true description
‫التزييف‬
/
‫التزوير‬
-
‫الموجودة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫تغيير‬
) )
• Plagiarism – taking the words and ideas of others
without citation (
‫انتحال‬
‫وسرقة‬
‫الكلمات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اآلراء‬
)
•that seriously deviate from the Reality
•Other – self plagiarism - add may name to Research
without any participation , change in scientific
certifications , cheating in Exam )

60. DISCUSSION…
Q & A
F
Research Ethics, FOM, Mar.
2011