2. Decision making methods
There are four methods used in making decisions:
• Experience: Use previous experiences, on the basis
that current problems are similar to previous ones.
• Observing: imitating and applying solutions that
other managers used to solve similar problems
4. 4
Steps to solve the problem in a scientific
way:
Following scientific and sequential steps to find
a solution to a problem often helps to reach it
quickly and in an organized manner, by following
the following:
5. 5
Defining the problem:
Feeling the existence of a problem and defining it
clearly is the basis for the process of solving it in a
scientific way, as this is done by collecting possible
data and information related to this problem in
several ways. The simplest might be the traditional
method that is commonly used by asking
quantifiable questions such as: How often does
this happen? And how? And when? Defining and
limiting the problem helps to solve it in a better
way
6. 6
forming a hypothesis
Forming a hypothesis means forming a hypothesis
to make a prediction or a proposed solution to the
problem that was identified in the previous stage,
provided that this prediction can be tested and
measured in order to contribute effectively to its
solution, and in general we can know whether this
hypothesis is effective and measurable
7. 7
Hypothesis selection:
Developing a hypothesis does not necessarily mean
its validity, which necessitates that we need to test it
by experiment to prove its validity or not, provided
that a number of things must be taken into account
during this, namely: Examining fairness and
objectivity while applying the hypothesis to obtain
honest results and accurate. The experiment
included a wide sample of elements for the
permissibility of generalization. Spending enough
time collecting information.
8. 8
Data analysis:
The analysis of the results of the experiment
begins after its performance, to measure the
consistency of these results with previous
predictions, regardless of whether they are true or
false. Thomas Edison described the 10,000 failed
ways to invent the lamp by saying: “I did not fail,
but I just found 10,000 unsuccessful ways to invent
the lamp.
9. 9
Which leads to the conclusion that the failure of
the experiment that was developed to support
the hypothesis and obtaining results that are
inconsistent with what is expected may be
considered an additional idea for forming a new
hypothesis, and starting to test it again to
confirm or refute the hypothesis.
10. 10
Communicate results:
Returning the results obtained to specialists may
help to understand the challenges that have been
solved and those that need more effort to
achieve them, in addition to their sometimes
helpful role in the process of developing a more
accurate hypothesis in the future.
11. 11
The stages of solving the problem
in a scientific way
The scientific method for solving problems can be
divided into several stages as follows:
Understanding:
Understanding the different aspects of a problem
constitutes the first stage of overcoming it.
12. 12
The stages of solving the problem
in a scientific way
Developing a plan:
In the second stage of solving the problem, the
individual creates a plan that connects the data
and the unknown in a way that clarifies the
mechanism of moving towards solving the
problem.
13. 13
The stages of solving the problem
in a scientific way
Implementation of the plan:
The third stage of problem-solving is based on
implementing the plan that was developed in the
previous stage, with the aim of making sure that it
works
14. 14
The stages of solving the problem
in a scientific way
Review:
The review of what was done during the stages of
problem-solving until reaching the correct
solution is the final stage. This stage aims to
enhance knowledge among individuals and learn
from what was done during the search for a
solution.
