2. Johannes Brahms (1833 -1897)
German composer, pianist, and conductor, was one of the most significant
composers of the 19th century. His works greatly enriched the romantic
repertory.
His works combine the warm feeling of the Romantic period with the control of
classical influences such as Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) and Ludwig
van Beethoven (1770–1827).
Brahms infused the traditional forms with romantic melody and harmony,
respecting the inheritance of the past but making it relevant to his own age.
His position of moderation effected a necessary balance in the creative output
of the romantic century and led to high critical esteem by his contemporaries.
His orchestral works include 4 symphonies, 2 piano concertos, one violin
concerto and a double concerto for violin and cello. His chamber music
includes 4 string quartets, 2 string sextets, 2 string quintets, 3 piano quartets,
3 piano trios, and violin, cello, piano, and clarinet sonatas.
He also wrote choral music and more than 250 lieder,
3. The son of a musician, he became a piano prodigy. In 1853 he met the
composer Robert Schumann and his pianist wife, Clara Schumann; Robert
immediately proclaimed him a genius, and Clara became the lifelong object of
his affections.
In 1863 Brahms moved to Vienna, which would remain his principal home until
his death. He took several positions as choral and orchestral conductor and
performed as a soloist.
The success of his German Requiem (1868) gave him an international
reputation; his first symphony (1876) brought him even greater fame, and his
violin concerto (1879) and second piano concerto (1882) led many to acclaim
him the greatest living composer.
His music complemented and counteracted the rapid growth of Romantic
individualism in the second half of the 19th century.
He was a traditionalist in the sense that he greatly revered the subtlety and
power of movement displayed by the Classical composers Haydn, Mozart, and
Beethoven.
Hungarian Dance No.5
4. Biography
Johannes Brahms was born in Hamburg on May 7, 1833, the son of Johann
Jakob and Christina Nissen Brahms.
The father, an innkeeper and a musician of moderate ability, earned a
precarious living for his family of five. Johannes received his first music
instruction from his father.
At the age of seven Johannes began studying piano. He played a private
subscription concert at the age of 10 to obtain funds for his future education.
He also learned theory and composition and began to improvise compositions
at the piano. To help out with family finances, Brahms played the piano in
sailors' haunts and local dance salons.
Early Works
The late hours proved taxing to the 14-year-old boy and impaired his health.
Brahms was offered a long recuperative holiday at Winsen-an-der-Luhe,
where he conducted a small male choir for whom he wrote his first choral
compositions.
5. On his return to Hamburg he gave several concerts, but, failing to win
recognition, he continued to play at humble places of amusement, gave
inexpensive piano lessons, and began the hackwork of arranging popular
music for piano.
In 1850 Brahms became acquainted with the Hungarian violinist Eduard
Reményi, who introduced him to the rich tradition of gypsy dance tunes that
were to be influential in his mature compositions.
In the next few years Brahms composed several works for piano that are still
in the repertoire: the Scherzo in E-flat Minor (1851), the Sonata in F-sharp
Minor (1852), and the Sonata in C Major (1853). Reményi and Brahms
embarked on several successful concert tours in 1853.
At Hanover they met one of the greatest German violinists, Joseph Joachim,
who arranged for them to play before the King of Hanover and gave them an
introduction to Liszt at Weimar.
Joachim also wrote a glowing letter to Robert Schumann expressing his
enthusiasm for the young composer.
6. The next move was obviously to visit Weimar, where Liszt received them
warmly and was greatly impressed with Brahms's compositions. Liszt hoped to
recruit him for his coterie of composers, but Brahms could not adapt to the
superficiality of Liszt's music. Although no open breach occurred, the two
musicians did draw apart.
Friendship with the Schumanns
In 1853 Brahms wrote the Piano Sonata in F Minor. Later that year he met
Schumann and his wife, Clara, with whom he formed a lifelong friendship.
Schumann's enthusiasm for the young composer knew no bounds, in a long
article in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, Scumann praised Brahms musical
talents and he also arranged for Brahm's first compositions to be published.
During 1854 he wrote the Piano Trio No. 1, the Variations on a Theme of
Schumann for piano, and the Ballades for piano.
Brahms was summoned to Düsseldorf in 1854, when Schumann had a mental
breakdown and attempted suicide. For the next few years he stayed close to the
Schumanns, assisting Clara in whatever way he could and remaining near her
even after Schumann's death in 1856.
Hungarian Dance No.4
7. To earn his living, he taught piano privately but also spent some time on concert
tours. Two concerts given with the singer Julius Stockhausen served to
establish Brahms as an important song composer.
In 1857 Brahms went to the court of Lippe-Detmold, where he taught the piano
to Princess Friederike and conducted the choral society. Many of his folk-song
arrangements were made for this choir.
During the summer he went to Göttingen to be near Clara Schumann, for whose
children he also arranged several folk songs. It was apparent that he was in
love with Clara, 14 years older than he, but either her wisdom prevailed or
Brahms decided to keep only an idyllic relationship. Whatever the reason, it
speaks well for both of them that love was replaced by a warm friendship that
lasted to Clara's death.
While at Göttingen he became passionately interested in the soprano Agatha
von Siebold, but this romance, although it brought him nearer to marriage than
any other, soon terminated.
8. Works of the Middle Years
Brahms's Piano Concerto in D Minor (1858) was performed the next year with
Joachim conducting at Hanover, Leipzig, and Hamburg. Only in Hamburg was it
favorably received. During the Lippe-Detmold period Brahms produced the two
Serenades for small orchestra, an evocation of an 18th-century form.
He was also appointed conductor of a ladies' choir in Hamburg, for whom he
wrote the Marienlieder.
In 1860 Brahms became enraged at the propaganda that the avant-garde
theories of the "New German" school headed by Liszt were being accepted by
all musicians of consequence and took part in a press manifesto against this
group of musicians.
During this period Brahms moved to Hamburg and buried himself in
compositional activities with frequent public appearances sandwiched in. In the
year of the manifesto he completed the Sextet for Strings in B-flat Major and the
Variations on an Original Theme for piano, performed by Clara Schumann; the
next year, the Piano Quartets in G Minor and A Major and the well-known
Variations on a Theme of Handel for piano.
Danza Húngara No.6
9. In 1862 his friend Stockhausen was appointed conductor of the Hamburg
Philharmonic and the Singakadamie.
He then became more and more attracted to Vienna, and in 1863 he gave a
concert there to introduce his songs to the Austrian public. They were well
received, especially by the critic Eduard Hanslick, with whom Brahms became a
fast friend.
Brahms also met Wagner at this time, and, although the famous manifesto of
1860 made relations between the two composers difficult, each was still on
occasion able to admire some things in the other's work.
In 1863 Brahms became conductor of the Singakademie in Vienna. A year later
he resigned, but for the rest of his life Vienna was home to him.
He began to do what he had always wished, to make composing, and as his
fame and popularity grew, he composed more and more with only some
occasional teaching and performing.
In Baden-Baden in 1864 on a visit to Clara Schumann, he wrote the Piano
Quintet in F Minor, and a year later the Horn Trio in E-flat Major.
10. In 1865 Brahms's mother died. During the next year he worked on the German
Requiem in her memory.
The next years saw a proliferation of activity as a composer. His most important
publications were the Variations on a Theme of Paganini for piano, the String
Sextet in G Major, and several song collections.
The year 1869 witnessed the composition of the Liebeslieder Waltzes for piano
duet and vocal quartet and the Alto Rhapsody for contralto, male chorus, and
orchestra, as well as the publication of his Hungarian Dances for piano duet.
Late Masterpieces
Brahms's father died in 1872. After a short holiday at Baden-Baden, Brahms
accepted the post of artistic director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde
(Friends of Music Society) in Vienna.
Imposing masterpieces continued to pour from his pen. In 1873 came the
Variations on a Theme of Haydn in two versions, one for orchestra and the
other for two pianos; the String Quartets Nos. 1 and 2; and the Songs, Op. 59.
11. The next year produced the Piano Quartet No. 3; the Songs, Op. 63; and the
Neue Liebeslieder Waltzes.
Against this background of activity the details of his everyday life seem trivial.
He composed, went on concert tours chiefly to foster his own music, and took
long holidays.
During his earlier years Brahms had helped support both his mother and father.
Now with that obligation over and with money coming in from all sides, he was
exceedingly well off financially and could do as he pleased.
He resigned the conductorship of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in 1875, for
even those duties were onerous to him. That summer he worked on his
Symphony No. 1 and sketched the Symphony No. 2.
In 1880 the University of Breslau offered Brahms a doctorate, in appreciation of
which he wrote the Academic Festival Overture and, for good measure, the
companion Tragic Overture.
During the intervening years he had discovered Italy, and for the rest of his life
he vacationed there frequently.
Waltz in A flat - Op.39
12. Although, vacations for Brahms meant composing, and masterpiece now
followed masterpiece: the Violin Concerto in D Major (1878), the Violin Sonata
in G Major (1879), the two Rhapsodies for piano (1880), the Piano Concerto
No. 2 in B-flat Major (1881), the Symphony No. 3 (1883), and the Symphony
No. 4 (1884). These are the highlights of years filled with innumerable other
compositions and publications.
Much of the credit for the universal acceptance of Brahms's orchestral works
was due to the activities of their great interpreter, Hans von Bülow, who had
transferred his allegiance from the Liszt-Wagner camp to Brahms.
In the composer's works he felt the logical continuation of the Beethoven
tradition to be manifest, and Bülow lavished tremendous energy in seeing that
these compositions received properly executed performances.
In his later works Brahms showed an austerity that is in a sense a reflection of
his own growing inwardness. Always self-critical and impatient with insincerity,
he now translated this reserve into the sparseness and restraint of his own
compositions.
13. This can be observed in the sonatas for various instrumental combinations
written in 1886, the Concerto for Violin and Cello (1887), and the Violin and
Piano Sonata No. 3 (1888).
His native Hamburg gave Brahms the keys to the city in 1889. As a thank
offering, he composed the Deutsche Festund Gedenksprüche for eight-part
chorus. He also became acquainted with the superb clarinetist Richard
Mühlfeld, for whom he wrote his exquisite clarinet works. They performed
these compositions all over Germany.
When he was about 60 years old, Brahms began to age rapidly and the range
of his production was noticeably reduced. He often spoke of having arrived at
the end of his creative activity. Nonetheless, the works of this last period are
awesome in their grandeur and concentration, and the last of his published
works, the Vier ernste Gesänge (Four Serious Songs), are among the high
points of his creativity.
Brahms's already precarious health was impaired even further by the news of
the death of Clara Schumann in 1896. On April 3, 1897, he died, ravaged by
cancer of the liver. He was buried next to Beethoven and Schubert, honored
by all Vienna and the entire musical world.
