Vertebrates like birds can be used as pollinators in botanical garden conservatories as alternatives to insects to provide the same ecological functions. Some suitable bird species mentioned include tanagers, red-legged honeycreepers, violaceous euphonias, bananaquits, white-eyes, and roul roul partridges. Guidelines are provided for acquiring birds from reputable sources, quarantining them, and maintaining a healthy exhibit. While annual food costs for the birds are estimated to be $3,000, the immeasurable guest experience is considered priceless.

1. Using Vertebrates and Other Alternative Methods of IPMin Conservatories Cynthia Druckenbrod Cleveland Botanical Garden Thomas Hecker Eco Botanic Designs

3. 2008 2003

6. Bird Basics Acquire from Zoos or reputable breeders Quarantine for 30 days Introduce only healthy birds into exhibit Consider tanagers for exhibits w/o butterflies Yearly food (fruit/nectar) cost = $3000 Guest experience = priceless

7. Red-Legged Honeycreeper- male Cyaneus cyanerpes

10. ViolaceousEuphonia- maleEuphoniaviolacea

11. Bananaquit

13. White-Eye, Zosterops sp.

14. Roul Roul Partridge Rollulus roulroul