masking: differently shaped attachments to the camera block out some of the incoming light

1. INTRODUCING FILM
STUDIES
Anju A
Department of English
Payyanur College, Payyanur

2. IRIS SHOT
An iris shot is a technique frequently used in silent film in which a
black circle closes to end a scene.
The iris shot is divided into two types depending on their use.
An iris out is used at the end of a scene, and an iris in is used at the
start of a scene, often after a previous iris out.
 Iris shots are used to put emphasis on a particular aspect of film,
usually something of importance.

3. IRIS SHOT

4. IRIS SHOT

5. IRIS SHOT

6. IRIS SHOT

7. SHOT REVERSE
SHOT (OR SHOT/COUNTERSHOT)
Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique where
one character is shown looking at another character (often off-
screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the
first character.
 Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the
viewer assumes that they are looking at each other.

10. TYPES OF SHOTS
1. Wide shot (WS)- used to establish the location or setting, sets the stage, and
can also be used to introduce action, shows the whole scene, orientates the viewer
2. Full shot (FS)- frame a person from head to toe or completely frame an object.
A full shot is used either to establish or follow a character.
3. Medium shot (MS)- frame a person from the waist up. A medium shot is used to
provide new visual information or show a closer view of the action. It also adds
visual variety in editing.
4. Three quarter shot (3/4) - frame a person from the knees up. This shot is a
variation between the medium and full shot and provides visual variety.
5. Long shot (LS) - are full shots, but show the person at a greater distance.

11. 6. Head and shoulder shot (H & S) - frames a person from the chest up. The head and
shoulders shot provides a closer view of a character and can be used as a listening or
reaction shot. This is the standard framing for most interviews where there are two
subjects engaged in conversation.
7. Close-up (CU) - head shot, just above the shoulders. This shot is used to provide a
more intimate view of a character or show expression. The close-up can also be used as
a listening or reaction shot, or to show the details of an object.
8. Extreme close-up (XCU) - frames a head shot from the tip of the chin to the middle
of the forehead, or any other equivalent space on an object, animal, etc. This shot
shows drama or tension in a character’s face or allows the viewer to see specific details
on an object.
9. Two shot (2-SHOT) - frames two people in a full shot. This can be expanded to
include however many people are framed in the shot (three shot, four shot, etc.)
10. Medium shot (MED 2-SHOT) - frames two people in a medium shot and can be
expanded to a medium three shot, four shot, etc.
http://www.edu.pe.ca/threeoaks/art/digital%20arts%20site/unit4/pdf/shots.pdf

12. LONG TAKE
In filmmaking, a long take is a shot lasting much longer than the
conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general.
Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often
elements in long takes, but not necessarily so.
The term "long take" should not be confused with the term "long shot",
which refers to the distance between the camera and its subject and not
to the temporal length of the shot itself.
The length of a long take was originally limited to how much film a
motion picture camera could hold, but the advent of digital video has
considerably lengthened the maximum potential length of a take.

13. 30 DEGREE RULE
The 30-degree rule is a basic film editing guideline that states the camera should
move at least 30 degrees between shots of the same subject occurring in succession.
If this rule is not followed, a jump cut occurs and there is a risk that the audience
starts focusing on the filming technique instead of the story that is being narrated.
It should also be noted that the 30 degree rule isn’t a scientific standard.
Many filmmakers use an “anything more than a 10 degree change in angle” while
others say no less than 25 degrees.
However, a 25 to 30 degree minimum change in angle seems to be the agreed
upon norm.

14. 30 DEGREE RULE
when moving your camera between shots the camera should be
moved a minimum of 25 to 30 degrees (with a maximum limit of
180 degrees) to avoid jarring transitions also known as jump cuts.
This helps you seamlessly piece together a larger sequence of
shots in a harmonious manner.

15. 180 DEGREE RULE
In film making, the 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-
screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or
object within a scene.
An imaginary line called the axisconnects the characters, and by keeping the
camera on one side of this axis for every shot in the scene, the first character is
always frame right of the second character, who is then always frame left of
the first.
The camera passing over the axis is called jumping the line or crossing the
line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known
as shooting in the round.

16. JUMP CUTS
A jump cut is is an abrupt transition, typically in a sequential clip
that makes the subject appear to jump from one spot to the other,
without continuity.
This can happen when two sequential shots of the same subject in
the same scene are cut together from camera positions that vary
only slightly.
 Jump cuts also occur when cutting between two sections of
footage shot from the same exact camera angle, for example in an
interview.
 Jump cuts can be jarring.