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1. Self-confidence is a bit like the running water in your house. You may not know every detail
about how it works or where it comes from, but it’s painfully obvious when it’s not there. Like
when your water is shut off, a dearth of self-confidence has a huge negative impact on your
health and lifestyle. Fortunately, there are things you can do to shore it up.
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What is confidence?
In everyday conversation, self-confidence is often confused with self-esteem, and it overlaps
with the less well-known term “self-efficacy.” However, psychology gives each of these terms
a specific definition. It’s helpful to distinguish among the three:
● Self-Efficacy: This term, as defined by Albert Bandura, a Canadian-
American psychologist, refers to your belief in your ability to accomplish specific
tasks. If you believe you’re capable of cooking dinner or completing a project, this is
reflective of high self-efficacy. People with low self-efficacy often put less effort into a
task if they don’t believe they’ll succeed at it, increasing the likelihood of failure.
● Self-Confidence: In contrast, according to Dr. Bandura, self-confidence
is more of a general view of how likely you are to accomplish a goal, especially based
on your past experience. When you practice playing piano, you increase your
confidence in your ability to play the piano. This can also apply to how likely you
believe you are to be accepted in a social group. If you’ve been made fun of for your
underwater basket-weaving hobby, you might be less confident sharing it with others
next time. Self-confidence and self-efficacy are both rooted in experience, but self-
confidence reflects a broader view of yourself, rather than your confidence in specific
tasks.
● Self-Esteem: The term most often confused with self-confidence is the
one perhaps least similar to it. Self-esteem refers to a belief in your overall worth.
Broad statements like “I’m a good person” fall into this category. Self-esteem is one of
the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and improvements to self-confidence can
contribute to your broader self-esteem.
These concepts overlap, and psychologists disagree about where the lines are between each
one. You can have enough confidence to believe that you’re capable of learning how to play a
new game, for example, while simultaneously lacking the self-efficacy to believe that you’ll be
any good when you first start. Likewise, you can have zero confidence in your ability to cook
while still believing you’re a good person and deserving of love.
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High confidence leads to more chances to improve
Self-confidence is your belief in how good you are at something, but it’s not a measure of your
actual skill. So why does it matter if you believe in yourself? According to Charlie Houpert, the
author of “Charisma on Command” and the founder of a 2.7-million-subscriber YouTube
channel of the same name, confidence doesn’t just make you feel better, it also helps you take
risks to make tangible improvements to your life.
“Internally, true self-confidence will lead to more positivity, happiness and resilience,” Mr.
Houpert said. “Externally, high self-confidence will lead to taking more risks, which directly
correlates with reaping more rewards.”
The “Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology” puts it another way: “If the person lacks
confidence, again there will be no action. That’s why a lack of confidence is sometimes

2. referred to as ‘crippling doubt.’ Doubt can impair effort before the action begins or while it is
ongoing.”
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If you believe you can get your dream job if you apply, there’s a chance, however small, you
might get it. If you don’t believe that you can get it, and you don’t apply, it’s guaranteed that
you won’t. Self-confidence doesn’t magically make you better at what you do, but it does
prime you to take the risks necessary to achieve your goals.
How you can improve your self-confidence
If building self-confidence is a matter of changing your beliefs about yourself, it’s going to
take some work. You can say, “I’m good enough, I’m smart enough and, doggone it, people
like me” into the mirror every day — and it couldn’t hurt — but there are more practical,
effective tools you can use, too.
Be ‘hyper honest’ with yourself
Mr. Houpert suggests being “hyper honest” with yourself as a simple, everyday way to
exercise your confidence.
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“For example, let’s say someone asks you what you do for fun or what you do for a living,” he
said. “If you find yourself biting your tongue or hiding something, evaluate that. That’s an
indication to either stop doing that thing or, more likely, accept that part of yourself and own
it.”
This doesn’t mean you have to share every part of your personality with everyone you meet.
You can share your geeky hobbies with your geeky friends but stick to work topics at work.
However, you can find someone to share yourself with. “When you stop hiding parts of
yourself from other people, you’ll find you feel more confident in who you are,” Mr. Houpert
said.
Start working out
Many people start working out to lose weight or build muscle, but exercise can also be a huge
boost to your self-confidence. The American Psychological Association has noted that
exercise can improve your mood and — along with regular treatment and therapy — help
combat depression and anxiety. It can also help improve your confidence if you stick with it
for a while. Working out regularly requires a commitment, and keeping that commitment is an
accomplishment. Not only does sticking to a new healthy habit make you feel more confident,
but you can also spot physical improvements to your body and health over the long term.
Try things that make you uncomfortable
Stepping outside your comfort zone is, as you might expect, uncomfortable. Mr. Houpert said
that’s the point.
“Confidence is ultimately about being comfortable in a wide variety of situations that would
make most people feel uncomfortable,” he said. “So if you stretch your comfort zone every
day, very quickly you’ll have a large comfort zone and be able to feel more comfortable even
when outside of it.”
This can involve more daunting changes, like taking a new job or confronting someone you
usually avoid. However, it can also take smaller forms, like striking up a conversation with
someone new if you’re normally shy, or trying a new food. According to Mr. Houpert, it’s more
important that you regularly expand your comfort zone rather than occasionally throwing
yourself into the deep end.
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Try a new look
How you dress can affect how other people perceive you, but it can also affect how you
perceive yourself. Wearing different clothes can prompt you to think or behave differently.
This effect isn’t just limited to feeling good about yourself. Dr. Adam D. Galinsky, a professor
at Columbia Business School, found that participants in a study who wore a white lab coat
exhibited more focused attention. In other words, when people dressed like a doctor, they
behaved more like a doctor, or at least how they thought a doctor might behave. If you want to
feel more confident, dress the way a confident version of yourself would.
Defy your impostor syndrome
Impostor syndrome is a nasty mental bug that convinces you that your accomplishments don’t
really count and that you’re going to be found out as a fraud. This doubt can creep in because
it’s easier to remember faults but more difficult to remember successes. Make a habit of
periodically writing down or reflecting on times you’ve done things well. It’s easier to be
confident in your abilities when you remember them.
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Adjust your posture
Much like how you dress, the posture you adopt can affect how you feel about yourself. While
it might feel a little silly at first (remember that tip about stepping outside your comfort zone),
trying out powerful stances can help adjust your frame of mind. Research from Ohio State
University suggests that something as simple sitting up straight can make you feel more
confident in what you’re doing.
Avoid the arrogance trap
As you start to express yourself more confidently, it’s natural to worry about becoming
arrogant in the process. However, according to Mr. Houpert, arrogance isn’t confidence run
amok.
“Arrogance is more the result of insecurity than high self-confidence,” he said. “Confidence is
self-satisfied while arrogance requires external validation to feel good. So you get people who
brag to solicit the recognition of others. Someone with true self-confidence is capable of being
assertive and standing up for themselves, but they’re unlikely to adopt a tone that others
perceive as arrogant. Oddly enough, the best defense against arrogance is developing true
self-confidence.”
If you start out doubting yourself, it will take time before you feel like you belong. In the
interim, your own creeping doubt can try to tell you that feeling good about yourself or
standing your ground is really arrogance. Recognizing that this is a symptom of insecurity —
and that being aware of the symptom is its own form of inoculation against it — can help you
push past it.
Correction: An earlier version of this article stated that Dr. Adam Galinsky was a professor at
the Kelogg School of Management at Northwestern University. He was, and was at the Kellogg
School when the study referenced was published, but he has since joined the faculty at the
Columbia Business School. That reference has been updated.