Energy Resources

Prof Afaqahmed M J , AIKTC, Navi Mumbai

Module Detailed Contents Hrs.
01 Introduction: Energy resources and their availability, types of
power plants, selection of the plants, review of basic
thermodynamic cycles used in power plants. 04
02 Hydro Electric Power Plants : Rainfall and run-off
measurements and plotting of various curves for estimating
stream flow and size of reservoir, power plants design,
construction and operation of different components of hydro-
electric power plants, site selection, comparison with other types
of power plants. 06
03 Steam Power Plants: Flow sheet and working of modern-
thermal power plants, super critical pressure steam stations, site
selection, coal storage, preparation, coal handling systems,
feeding and burning of pulverized fuel, ash handling systems, dust
collection-mechanical dust collector and electrostatic precipitator.
08

04 Combined Cycles: Constant pressure gas turbine power plants,
Arrangements of combined plants (steam & gas turbine power
plants), repowering systems with gas production from coal, using
PFBC systems, with organic fluids, parameters affecting
thermodynamic efficiency of combined cycles. Problems. 06
05 Nuclear Power Plants: Principles of nuclear energy, basic
nuclear reactions, nuclear reactors-PWR, BWR, CANDU, Sodium
graphite, fast breeder, homogeneous; gas cooled. Advantages and
limitations, nuclear power station, waste disposal. 06
06 Power Plant Economics: Load curve, different terms and
definitions, cost of electrical energy, tariffs methods of electrical
energy, performance & operating characteristics of power plants-
incremental rate theory, input-out put curves, efficiency, heat
rate, economic load sharing, Problems. 06

Power Plant Engineering

Definition
A power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate
electricity, i.e., power with economy and requirements.
Two Goals
1. Conserve Energy for Future
2. Develop Alternatives consistently

INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO
First Five year plan (1951-56) – 3400MW
Second – 5700MW
Third – 10200MW
Now it’s requirement up to 1,65, 856MW
having load factor 0.7

MAJOR CHALLENGES
Standard of living depends on
ENERGY and increases with energy
 Check net growing demand
 Produce non polluting energy
 Shortfall of Power varies for 10 to
30%

ENERGY
 It is capacity of doing the work
 Ability to change the temp
 Energy consumption including coal,
gas, petrol viz. is 1/8th of global avg.
which is less

SITE SELECTION CRITERION 
 Availability of Raw Material
 Nearness to potential market
 Supply of labor
 Space Required
 Transportation facility
 Availability of Utility – Water, Fuel, Power
 Suitability of Climate and Land
 Local community considerations
 Political Strategic Considerations
(Grant , TAX, Unemployment)
 Environmental Impact and Waste disposal

PLANT LAYOUT
 Layout of Depts.
 Layout within Depts.
 Layout of individual
Objectives of LAYOUT
 Economics of material and Goods
 Proper efficient use of floor space
 Proper flow of goods and Mtl.
Without delay
 Provision for supervision & Control

 Renewable (16%)
› Solar
› Wind
› Falling, flowing water
› Biomass
 Non-renewable (84%)
› Oil
› Natural gas
› Coal
› Nuclear power
Energy uses in developed countries
 Industrial
 Domestic
 Transportation

1. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that
release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most
frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce
electricity in a nuclear power plant.
 Uranium Deposits – Bihar, Rajasthan
 Bihar Amount- 12000 Tons, 10000 MW power
 Kerala – 30000 Tons, 26000MW Power (Monasite Sand)
 Thorium (Largest Reservoir ) FBD used to generate the
Power.
 Actual –
 Tarapur – 400MW
 Ratnapratap Sagar– 400MW
 Kalpakkam – 200MW

Nuclear Cycle

2. Hydel Energy (Hydro-Electric)
The energy flow diagram is as under:
• Colossal Resources
• Annual Flow 1675 Million m3.
• 60 % from Ganga, Bhramaputra, Indus
• 16 % from Narmada,Tapi, Mahanadi
• India’s Potential 41500 MW, Current 32000 MW
Potential or Kinetic Energy
of water
Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy

Work Station- Hydel PP

 Large-scale
hydropower
 Small-scale
hydropower
 Tidal power plant
 Wave power plant

Non Conventional –
1. Solar –

SOLAR POWER
Solar power plants use one of two technologies:
1. Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either
on rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms,
converting sunlight directly into electric power.
2. Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as
"concentrated solar thermal") plants use solar
thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter
converted into electricity by a turbine.

Energy Emitted – 383 * 10^21 KW
Needs Rs 65 Crore per MW
Thermal Needs Rs 4 Crore per MW
50 MW installed @ Gurgaon,
Haryana
30 MW Installing at Rajasthan,
Gujrat, Punjab

Wind Energy –

 A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of
wind into rotational energy by means of vanes
called sails or blades.
 Centuries ago, windmills usually were used to mill grain,
pump water, or both. Thus they often were gristmills, wind
pumps, or both.
 The majority of modern windmills take the form of wind
turbines used to generate electricity, or wind pumps used to
pump water, either for land drainage or to
extract groundwater.

Practically Accepted
Transmission Losses up to 30%
Indian Coastline 7516Km (South
West)
60 Wind sites, Wind Flows 18Km/Hr
 30000MW Capacity, 500MW power
can be generated in Maharashtra. We
generate 46MW and 50MW may be in
next two years.

Types of Power Plants

In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into
mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by
rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Heat is derived from various energy sources like fossil fuels, nuclear
fusion of radioactive elements and geothermal energy.
Potential energy stored in water also can produce mechanical work,
and then mechanical work to electrical energy, this conversion of
energy is commonly known as hydropower generation. Kinetic
energy of wind and solar radiation are the other sources of energy
that can be used to produce electrical energy by conversion.
Thermodynamic Cycles-

• Carnot vapour power cycle
• Rankine Cycle
vapour power cycle
• Carnot gas power cycle
• Otto cycle
• Diesel cycle
• Dual cycle
• Brayton cycle
Gas power cycle
Depending on the types of processes involved power cycles can
also be classified as follows:

"The efficiency of all reversible engines operating
between the same two temperatures is the same,
and no irreversible engine operating between
these temperatures can have a greater efficiency
than this"
Carnot Cycle is a reversible thermodynamic cycle
comprising of 4 processes.
1-2 Reversible Isothermal heat addition
2–3 Reversible adiabatic expansion (isentropic)
3–4 Reversible Isothermal heat rejection
4-1 Reversible Adiabatic compression
(isentropic)
The temperature–entropy diagram (T-S
diagram) is the best form of cycle that
gives the maximum efficiency

Reversibility
 A reversible process is one which can be made to "retrace"
its path exactly.
 A process is reversible when the successive states of the
process are Infinitesimally close to Equilibrium States. i.e.
the process is quasi-equilibrium.
 With a reversible process it is possible to restore the system
to its original state without needing an external agent or
changing its surroundings.
 Reversible processes are an abstraction that aids the
analysis of real processes.
 A reversible process is a standard of comparison for an
actual system.
 Truly reversible thermal processes would require an infinite
amount of time for completion.

Thermodynamic Cycles-
2. Rankine Cycle
 The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict
the performance of steam turbine systems.
 The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic
cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into
mechanical work.
 The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which
usually uses water as the working fluid.
 It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a
Scottish polymath and Glasgow University professor.

P-V & T-S Diagram of Rankine
Cycle
1. d  Water @ Condenser Pressure
P2 & Temperature T2
2. de  Adiabatic Compression @
pressure P2-P1 & Rise in Temp T2 to
T1
3. ea & ab  Heat is supplied by Boiler
to Water
4. bc  Isentropic expansion of steam
@ Prime Mover Press. & Temp falls
from P2 to P1 & T1 to T2
5. cd  Condensation of steam coming
out from prime mover in condenser.
hb- Enthalpy of steam/kg @ b
Hfd - Enthalpy of water @ d

2. REHEAT CYCLE

T-S Diagram of Reheat Cycle

Reheat Cycle
Advantages 
1. It increases the efficiency of Rankine Cycle by Increasing the
Pressure and Temperature.
2. It reduce Sp. Steam consumption(kg/KJ)
3. Reduce size of boiler,
Fuel consumption reduced
4. Less costly mtl. used for low pressure tubing.
Disadvantages 
1. Cost of extra piping
2. Greater floor space required
3. Operation is intricate

3. Regenerative Cycle
1. It increases the temperature of feed water by
reversible interchange of heat
2. Dry saturated steam coming out from boiler
enters into turbine @ temp T1 & expand @ T2
3. Condensate is pumped through the annular
space of turbine. (Regenerative Heating)
If system is isolated
Adiabatic System then,
3-4-9-10-3 = 1-7-8-2-1

Reheat-Regenerative Cycle

Energy Resources

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Energy Resources

Similar to Energy Resources (20)

More from AFAQAHMED JAMADAR

More from AFAQAHMED JAMADAR (11)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Energy Resources