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SEMINAR PPT LEENANI (2).pptx
1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ,
DHARWAD-580005
Master’s seminar I
On
Agricultural based Livelihood Systems in Dry lands
- Challenges and Strategies
CHEDARLA MOUNIKA LEENA
PGS21AGR8687
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DHARWAD
Date : 10/03/2023
2. FLOW OF THE SEMINAR
NEED TO FOCUS ON DRY LANDS
CHALLENGES
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH STUDIES
STRATEGIES
CONCLUSION
SUCCESS STORIES
3. INTRODUCTION
Total geographical area of India is 328 mha , 228 mha (69%) of area
falls under dryland (UNCCD)
68 per cent of the cultivated area in Indian agriculture comes under
dryland, which contributes about 44 per cent of the total food
production
More than 75 per cent of Karnataka area is categorized as dry zones
In India, 128 districts have been recognized as dryland farming
areas
4. Land Area(M ha)
Geographical area 328.73
Net cultivated area 140.71
Net irrigated area 57.10
Gross irrigated area 78.00
Rainfed area 83.61
Land used in India
Arid and semi arid regions of India
Climate Area (M ha) Regions
Arid tropics 31.7 Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab,
Haryana, Parts of Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh
Semi arid tropics 95.7 Maharashtra, Karnataka, AP, TN,
Punjab, Haryana, UP,MP
Source : Agricultural Statistics at Glance , 2021, MOA
8. What are Drylands??
Drylands are characterized by a scarcity of water, which affects both
natural and managed ecosystems and constrains in the production of
livestock as well as crops, wood, forage and other plants and affects the
delivery of environmental services.
Drylands have been shaped by a combination of low precipitation,
droughts and heat waves, as well as human activities.
FAO
9. What is Dryland agriculture??
• Dryland Agriculture refers to growing of crops entirely under
rainfed conditions
Dry Farming:
Cultivation of
crops in areas
where rainfall is
less than 750 mm
per annum
Dry land
Farming:
Cultivation of
crops in areas
receiving rainfall
above 750 mm
Rainfed
Farming:
Cultivation of
crops in regions
receiving more
than 1,150 mm
10. Concept of Livelihood Systems
LIVELIHOOD
A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material
and social resources) and activities required for a means of living
(Chambers and Conway, 1992)
A livelihood system is the total combination
of activities undertaken by a typical household
to ensure a living.
LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS
Most rural households have several income
earners, who pursue a combination of crop and
livestock, farm, off-farm and non-farm activities
in different seasons to earn a living
11. Agriculture-based livelihood activities
Agriculture-based livelihood activities occupy a very significant position in the
economic development of the Indian economy as agriculture sector has a high
employment potential
In agricultural based livelihoods, crop and livestock production are the most
important components
1.Crop based Farming Systems 4. Livestock based Farming Systems
2.Farmer centric farming systems 5. Multi-enterprise farming systems
3.Agro-forestry based Farming Systems 6.Watershed based farming systems
Rashmi et al, 2018
12. o The agro-ecosystems in dry areas comprise a diverse and complex mix
o The dry areas are home to several important centres of origin
o Agricultural production systems in the drylands face not only persistent
water scarcity and frequent drought
o But also high climatic variability, land degradation, desertification and
widespread poverty
o At one end are livelihoods systems with a low asset base
o At the other end are livelihoods systems with an asset base sufficient.
WHY NEED TO FOCUS ON DRYLANDS
13.
14. Land degradation
and poor
productivity
Climate risks
Poor
productivity of
livestock
Yield Variability
Resource poor farmers and
inadequate credit availability
Poor market
linkages
No reliable data for
rainfed in central
database systems
NRAA, 2022
15. LAND DEGRADATION AND POOR PRODUCTIVITY
• As a result, the natural resource base in rainfed areas has got
severely compromised and has led to soil erosion and loss in soil
fertility.
The intensive approach to agricultural production system has not
focused adequately on conservation of natural resources
Land degradation will be impacting agricultural productivity,
biodiversity loss, environmental change, and its effects on food
security
16. 97.85 mha of India’s total geographical area (TGA) of 328.72 mha
underwent land degradation
Around 23.79% of the area undergoing desertification / land degradation
with respect to TGA of the country was contributed by Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Ladakh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya
Pradesh and Telangana
Average annual rate of soil erosion in the country is 16.35 tonnes per
hectare
Other causes of soil degradation include rapid depletion of soil organic
matter
Source : (NBSS&LUP,2019)
17. Sl.No. State
Total area under
desertification(2011
-13) hectares
Total area under
desertification(2018-19)
hectares
1 Andhra Pradesh 22,98,758 23,78,042
2 Chhattisgarh 22,11,153 23,06,531
3 Gujarat 1,02,61,641 1,02,48,057
4
Himachal
Pradesh
23,94,240 24,00,300
5 Karnataka 69,51,000 69,59,847
6 Maharashtra 1,38,25,935 1,43,06,029
7 Rajasthan 2,15,26,512 2,12,37,665
8 TamilNadu 15,43,898 15,99,981
9 Telangana 35,98,856 36,38,508
Area under desertification
Source: data.gov.in
18. CLIMATE RISKS
• Climate change and climate variability
impact Indian agriculture
• Rainfed areas experience 3 to 4 drought
years per decade
• The rainfall distribution is becoming more
skewed with a smaller number of rainy days
and higher intensity of rainfall causing more
soil erosion
21. POOR PRODUCTIVITY OF LIVESTOCK
Animal husbandry is an integral component of rainfed farming systems
and, is a significant revenue stream for farmers
Possession of livestock - both large and small ruminants, serves as a source
of liquidity for rural farming communities.
Livestock contribute 4.35% of the GDP&
29.35% of the full agricultural GDP
22. The low productivity of livestock in dry
lands due to water scarcity and shrinking of
common grazing resources
The shortage in fodder availability is a
major reason of Indian livestock’s milk
productivity
It is lower by 20-60 per cent compared to
the global average.(IGFRI,2019)
The policies on livestock focus only on
improvement of cows and buffaloes, while
other livestock are unnoticed
23. YIELD VARIABILITY
• In several rainfed areas, large yield gaps still remain in several crops and
regions between yields obtained at research stations and on farmers’ fields
• Crop yields vary for different crops and regions in rainfed and irrigated
regions, though broadly the productivity of rainfed areas is around 1.1
tonnes/hectare, as against an average of 3 tonnes/ hectare in irrigated
areas
24. Resource poor farmers and inadequate credit availability
Marginal and small farmers are dependent mostly on informal sources of
credit
Credit that is met from informal sources is 40.60 per cent, 52.10 per cent,
and 30.80 per cent, for the landless, marginal farmers, and small farmers
This shows a lack of access to credit facilities and formal financial
mechanisms
25. No reliable data for rainfed in central database systems
Standardized agronomic, soil, water, market-related, and socioeconomic
datasets for agriculture are essential for real-time decision making and
sustainability
Despite the substantive scale of rainfed agriculture that exists in terms of
cultivation area and the farmer population, huge gaps persist in data
availability and data quality
In addition, existing datasets also lack standardization as it prevents inter
operability and decision-making
26. Poor market linkages
Market risk lead to unstable incomes
Further, farmers often sell their produce at low prices due to unreliable
market channels and unregulated markets
Inadequate post-harvest handling and storage facilities which prevent
farmers from stocking up and selling at the right time and accessing other
markets
28. Release new climate-resilient
varieties suited for rainfed regions
Promoting integrated farming systems
(IFS)/integrated livelihood system (ILS)
Promoting efficient natural resource
management in rainfed agriculture
Minimizing soil degradation and
restoring
Encourage allied agricultural activities
S
T
R
A
T
E
G
I
E
S
29. Encourage allied agricultural activities
Enhancing income through animal husbandry
Enhancing income through horticulture
30. Release new climate-resilient varieties
Release of cultivars with high resilience and yield potential is
essential, especially for smallholders through decentralized seed
system
A suitable delivery mechanism
Community seed banks (CSBs)
This will aid in adaptive capacity against the contingencies of
climate risks, such as repeat sowing in case of crop failure
Conserving and mainstreaming the local crop varieties
31. Promoting Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)/
Integrated Livelihood System (ILS)
IFS
Integration of two or
more enterprises
Horti-Millet based
cropping systems
Kitchen gardens
Integration of high tock ,
fishery, poultry activities
Adoption of secondary
agriculture
32. Excavation of ponds in 65% area for aquaculture and raising
embankments on the remaining 35% land for horticulture can
replace traditional low productive rice-fish culture with 3-5 times
enhanced production, income and employment generation from a
unit of land.
33. Promoting efficient natural resource management in
rainfed agriculture
Farm ponds
Jalkund
Check dams
Land shaping
In-situ
incorporation of
biomass and crop
residues
Precision water
management
practices
34. Minimizing soil degradation and restoring
Adoption of suitable soil conservation
measures
Soil rehabilitation and soil restoration
should also be a priority
Improving water and nutrient use efficiencies by
decreasing losses and increasing biomass
production
Farming practices, agroforestry, ley farming
utilising organic manures are ways to increase SOC
35. Integration of on-farm and non-farm activities
Diversification into value added chain
of Aqua-culture, Agro-forestry, and
Horticulture
36. Creation of non-farm jobs involving micro-
enterprising due to low primary productivity and
seasonal nature of the agricultural activities in the
dryland
37. 5.20%
5.60%
7.40% 7.50%
9.90%
7%
FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY2016* FY 2017 ** FY2018***
Growth rate of gross value added from livestock in
agriculture across India from financial year 2013 to
2018
Growth
of
livestock
Livestock rearing and dairying has 4-5 times more employment generating
potential compared to crop cultivation
38. S W
O C
1. Generation of value-added products
2. Has high biodiversity
3. The willingness of farmers is very high in
improving the productivity of dryland
4. Has average rainfall from low to high
5. Has topography from flat to steep
1. Low dryland productivity
2. Low farmer income
4. Weak managerial capabilities of farm
technical and appropriate
technology at the farmer level
5. Limited facilities and infrastructure
supporting dryland development
6. Ineffective marketing information
1. The research institutions of ministries
and universities that concentrate in the
development of agricultural technologies
and resources.
2. Increasing needs or public demand for
agricultural commodities
3. The amount of interest of investors in
agribusiness
4. Wider market share of agricultural
products
1. Lack of opportunities in non-farm
sector
2.Environmental degradation due to
erosion
3.Lack of collateral and access to
credit facilities
4.Lack of adequate and quality
breeds of livestock and improved
varieties of crops.
5.Inadequate fodder availability low
productive livestock
40. Profitable Mushroom cultivation
Name of the farmer : Thiru.P.Ramalinga
Block : Kariapatti
District : Virudhunagar
State : Tamil Nadu
Year : 2017-2018
Brief about the farmer:
Virudhunagar district is one of the backward districts in Tamil Nadu. It is a dry land
region. Agriculture is the livelihood of people living therein. Crops are mostly grown under
rainfed conditions. The unpredictable nature of seasonal variations in farm income has been
pushing farmers into non-farm activities
During the year 2014, he attended one day paid training at Regional Research Station,
TNAU, Aruppukottai, Virudhunagar district.
He started to cultivate milky mushroom during 2016. He switched over from milky
mushroom to oyster mushroom cultivation during 2017
Finally, he approached Dr.K.Manonmani, SMS (Plant Pathology), for technical
advisories. With the intervention of KVK Virudhunagar, he has been now cultivating oyster
mushroom cultivation in a profitable way
41. The introduction of new technical package for oyster mushroom
cultivation has enhanced production of oyster mushroom with an increase
in cost of cultivation. But the yield of oyster mushroom has tripled
Mr.P.Ramalingam has been harvesting, on an average, 15kg/day of oyster
mushroom. The monthly net profit earned from oyster mushroom cultivation
is around Rs.40000/-.
Crop Cost of cultivation(Rs.) Yield (Kg)
(2017) (2018) (2017) (2018)
Mushroom 91,250 2,19,000 1,825 5,475
42. A SUCCESSFUL BETEL VINE CULTIVATOR
Name : Smt. Ashma M. Hombal,
Village : Chalachgudda,
Block : Badami,
District : Bagalkot,
State : Karnataka
Year : 2022
TRAINING MOTIVATION:
She was attracted to agriculture, after seeing the other members
from her family practicing agriculture for livelihood and sustenance
and then decided to be with them
Her family was cultivating betelvine since ages
Asma added banana and coconut to the farm diversity after
studying the local market.
She is in continuous touch with ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Bagalkot and Horticulture Department officials for getting guidance
from time to time.
43. She is cultivating betelvine in 3 acres of land earning profit of 36,000 per
month
Besides betelvine, the other major crop is banana. Two acres of banana
cultivation fetches a profit of Rs 50,000
In one acre of land she grows cowpea earning around Rs. 15,000 profit per
season. This also provides biomass to soil and fodder to animals
She has 200 coconut plants along the bunds earning a profit of Rs
50,000/month . Milea dubia, drumstick, neem trees along the bunds are the
long-term investments for future income
Livestock unit with five buffalo, one cow of Holstein Friesian breed , three
goats and a flock of 10 birds ensures manure requirement, meets family
nutrition and regular income
She is earning around Rs 30,000 per month from livestock unit
ACHIEVEMENTS
45. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LIVELIHOOD SECURITY
OF THE FARMERS PRACTICING DIFFERENT FARMING
SYSTEMS IN MANDYA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA
Sample size Sampling method Research design
120
Purposive Random
Sampling method
Ex-post facto
research design
Study Area : Mandya district of Karnataka
Shwetha et.al, 2021
46. Comparison between livelihood security of the farmers practicing different
farming systems in Mandya district
Sl.
No
Farming system N Mean score Chi-square value
1 Paddy+Dairy n1=30 73.66
24.40**
2 Paddy+Dairy+Horticulture n2=30 134.26
3 Sugarcane+Dairy n3=30 86.53
4 Sugarcane+Dairy+Horticulture n4=30 155.43
Dimension wise level of livelihood security of the farmers practicing different
farming systems in Mandya district
Sl.
No
Dimensions Scores Percentage of scores Rank
A Paddy + dairy farming system (n1=30)
1 Food and nutritional security 92 61.33 II
2 Economic security 85 56.00 V
3 Ecological security 91 60.66 III
4 Social security 95 63.33 I
5 Psychological security 88 58.66 IV
6 Physical security 84 56.00 VI
47. Sl.
No
Dimensions Scores Percentage of
scores
Rank
B Paddy +dairy+horticulture farming system (n2=30)
1 Food and nutritional security 103 68.66 II
2 Economic security 101 67.33 III
3 Ecological security 105 70.00 I
4 Social security 99 66.00 IV
5 Psychological security 96 64.00 V
6 Physical security 88 58.66 VI
C Sugarcane +Dairy farming system (n3=30)
1 Food and nutritional security 92 61.33 VI
2 Economic security 101 67.33 III
3 Ecological security 110 73.33 I
4 Social security 105 70.00 II
5 Psychological security 98 65.33 IV
6 Physical security 95 63.33 V
48. Sl.
No
Dimensions Scores Percentage of
scores
Rank
D Sugarcane+Dairy farming system (n4=30)
1 Food and nutritional
security
105 70.00 III
2 Economic security 112 74.66 II
3 Ecological security 98 65.33 IV
4 Social security 115 76.66 I
5 Psychological security 95 63.33 V
6 Physical security 92 61.33 VI
49. PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO
CHANGING CLIMATE: EVIDENCE FROM FARMERS OF
NORTHERN DRY ZONE OF KARNATAKA
Sample size Sampling method Research design
240
Multi-stage
Random sampling
method
Ex-post facto
research design
Study Area : Vijayapura and Bagalkot district in Karnataka
Ravi et.al, 2021
50. Sl.
No
Adaptation strategies
Vijayapura district Bagalkot district
Mean
Garrett
Score
Rank
Mean
Garrett
Score
Rank
1 Crop diversification 95.45 I 66.69 IV
2 Inter/ mixed cropping 77.42 II 86.56 I
3 Use of drought and heat resistant varieties 60.91 V 65.69 VII
4 Change in planting date 57.70 VI 73.15 III
5 Short duration and early maturing varieties 56.02 VII 66.34 V
6 Off-farm employment 70.35 III 66.20 VI
7 Crop insurance policies 49.33 IX 63.12 VIII
8 Sale of farm assets and livestock 38.67 XII 50.00 XII
9
Water conservation through farm pond and
bunding
64.09 IV 79.50 II
10 Migration to urban areas 55.24 VIII 57.20 X
11 Borrowing from relatives and money lenders 47.58 X 59.36 IX
12 Government relief measures 45.36 XI 52.50 XI
Farmers adaptation strategies to changing climatic condition
51. Sl.No Constraints experienced
Mean
Garrett
Score
Rank
1 Non-availability of timely weather forecasted information 72.80 II
2 Lack of credit facility for farmers 38.52 XI
3
Lack of knowledge about need based improved agriculture
technologies
47.55 IX
4
Lack of market access (poor transportation networks and
market information system)
43.15 X
5 Lack of information about crop insurance service 54.80 VII
6 Non-availability of timely farm inputs 65.44 III
7 Limited access to agricultural extension services 59.21 V
8 Low/no subsidies on desired agricultural inputs 36.05 XII
9 Lack of belief on current weather forecast system 51.27 VIII
10 Irregularity in power supply 55.65 VI
11
Lack of knowledge and information about climate change
adaptation strategies
78.09 I
12
Lack of knowledge and information about climate change
adaptation strategies
62.25 IV
Constraints experienced by the farmers in adaptation to changing climate (n=240)
52. A STUDY ON ATTITUDE OF FARMERS TOWARDS
LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION IN KOLAR DISTRICT
OF KARNATAKA
Sample size Sampling method Research design
150
Purposive
Random Sampling
method
Ex-post facto
research design
Study Area : Kolar districts of Karnataka state
B. S. Lakshman reddy (2019)
53. Nature of livelihood diversification among farmers
Sl.
No
Type of livelihood
diversification
Marginal
farmers
(n1=50)
Small
farmers
(n2=50)
Big farmers
(n3=50)
Total
f % f % f % f %
A Farm activities
1 Agriculture 48 96.00 50 100.00 50 100.00 148 98.66
2 Horticulture 15 30.00 36 72.00 45 90.00 96 64.00
3 Sericulture 8 16.00 15 30.00 18 36.00 41 27.33
4 Animal husbandry 34 68.00 47 94.00 43 86.00 124 82.66
5 Poultry 12 24.00 17 34.0 0 21 42.00 50 33.33
B Non-farm activities
1 Agriculture labour 41 82.00 37 74.00 0 0.0 78 52.00
2 Formally employed 16 32.00 19 38.00 37 74.00 72 48.00
55. Constraints in livelihood diversification as perceived by the farmers
Sl.
No
Constraints
Marginal
farmers
(n1=50)
Small
farmers
(n2=50)
Big farmers
(n3=50)
Total (n=150)
f % f % f % f %
A INFRASTRUCTURAL CONSTRAINTS
1 Lack of water resources 50 100.00 50 100.00 50 100.00 150 100.00
2
Lack of marketing facilities
for the products
33 66.00 49 98.00 46 92.00 128 85.33
3
Lack of sufficient extension
workers
39 78.00 41 82.00 42 84.00 122 81.33
4
Inadequate financial
institution in the locality
48 96.00 46 92.00 27 54.00 121 80.67
B PROMOTIONAL CONSTRAINTS
1
Insufficient government
incentives
42 84.00 46 92.00 39 78.00 127 84.67
2
Government programme not
suitable to the needs of the
farmers
47 94.00 38 76.00 37 74.00 122 81.00
3 Lack of own capital 50 100.00 46 92.00 32 64.00 128 85.33
56. Sl.
No
Constraints
Marginal
farmers
(n1=50)
Small
farmers
(n2=50)
Big farmers
(n3=50)
Total (n=150)
f % f % f % f %
C SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS
1 Inadequate or no
experience on new
occupation
46 92.00 48 96.00 39 78.00 133 88.67
2 Inadequate information
and knowledge about
diversification
46 92.00 48 96.00 39 78.00 133 88.67
3 Lack of own capital 50 100.00 46 92.00 32 64.00 128 85.33
D OTHER CONSTRAINTS
1 Climatic change 50 100.00 50 100.00 50 100.00 50 100.00
2 Lack of adequate natural
resources for livelihood
diversification
50 100.00 50 100.00 44 88.00 144 96.00
3 Risk and uncertainty 18 36.00 43 86.00 38 76.00 99 66.00
4 Less production and
productivity
4 8.00 46 92.00 22 44.00 74 49.33
57. FACTORS LIMITING RURAL YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN
AGRICULTURE BASED LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN TEHSIL
KARSOG OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Sample size
240
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To identify pre-dominant agriculture-based
livelihood activities rural youth participate in.
To analyze the factors limiting youth
participation in agriculture-based livelihood
activities in the study area
Rashmi Choudary et.al,(2018)
59. Respondents’ Perceptions of Factors Limiting Youth Participation in Agriculture-Based
Livelihood Activities
Statements Mean Standard deviation
High input cost 4.20 0.756
Unfavourable agricultural policies 3.54 0.788
Monkey menace and stray animals 3.92 0.877
Small land holdings 3.68 1.151
Labor unavailability 2.70 1.199
Poor return on investment 4.44 0.760
Poor marketing structure 3.72 0.882
Poor access to basic information pertaining to
agriculture based livelihood activities
3.10 1.035
Poor agricultural credit facilities 3.08 1.291
No future in agriculture 3.32 0.844
Highly risky 3.42 1.230
Inadequate infrastructural facilities to support
farming activities
3.50 0.839
Unpredictable prices of agricultural produce 4.22 0.764
60. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS OF
RESPONDENTS IN RAINFED ECOSYSTEM OF KOPPAL
DISTRICT IN KARNATAKA
Sample size Sampling method Research design
120
Purposive
Random Sampling
method
Ex-post facto
research design
Study Area : Koppal districts of Karnataka state
SUNIL KUMAR GOWDA , 2013
61. Major Livelihood activities undertaken by respondents
Sl.
No
Livelihood
activities
Marginal farmers (n1 =
60)
Landless labourers (n2 =
60)
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1 Crop production 60 100.00 - -
2 Dairy 20 33.33 5 8.33
3 Sheep/goat rearing 4 6.67 8 13.33
4 Backyard poultry 4 6.67 8 13.33
5 Wage earning 51 85.00 60 100.00
6 Petty business 3 5.00 6 10.00
7 Other (like artisans
activities)
4 6.67 17 28.33
