Follow all 7 steps for this report. This Report must be detailed and direct with the topic of choice. 1. Choose a specific topic that fits within the scope of the class. Think of community development projects like those we’ve looked into in class or have been mentioned in any of the videos we’ve seen. Do some research in your own hometown, or in Los Angeles, or any city where there is a project going on you would like to learn more about. 2. Each paper should be about 5 pages double spaced (not including figures/maps or references). 3. Each report can delve into the history of the problem/ town and how the project aimed to ‘fix” or improve some things in the community. Relate them to some of the concepts or frameworks we have discussed in class 4. Each report should contain at least 2 figures/tables/graphs/maps which helps illustrate and visualize the topic. These should be cited in text or captions. 5. Each report must contain a References/Works Cited section at the end of the report and have in-text citations. You may use any citation format (MLA, APA, etc.) as long as you are consistent throughout. Try to use good sources, unlike Wikipedia. The webpages for the project can be a good start. 6. What do you hope to learn? 7. I will suggest topics of research to follow up on and possible directions for your talk. Running head: BREAST CANCER AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN 1 BREAST CANCER AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN 3 Breast Cancer among African American Women in the United States Student’s Name Institution Breast Cancer among African American Women in the United States Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting women in entire world, and in the United States it is one of the most leading causes of cancer death. Irrespective of the major improvements made in breast cancer detection, diagnosis as well as prevention, studies indicate that African American women are still disproportionately affected by breast cancer (The American Cancer Society, 2012). Compared with White women, Black American women have higher mortality rates and are highly likely to be diagnosed with the disease before the age of 40 years. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates trends demonstrate varying patterns among different races. Whereas African American women have lower lifetime risk of suffering from breast cancer, they have a higher mortality rates than white American women (Allicock et al., 2013). The American Cancer Society (2012) found that White women have a 90 percent five-year survival white African Americans have a five-year survival rate of 78 percent, which is lower than that of other racial as well as ethnic groups in the United States. Some of the causes of the inequality include inequalities in wealth, education, overall standard of living, work, housing as well as education and barriers.

1. Follow all 7 steps for this report. This Report must be detailed
and direct with the topic of choice.
1. Choose a specific topic that fits within the scope of the class.
Think of community development projects like those we’ve
looked into in class or have been mentioned in any of the videos
we’ve seen. Do some research in your own hometown, or in Los
Angeles, or any city where there is a project going on you
would like to learn more about.
2. Each paper should be about 5 pages double spaced (not
including figures/maps or references).
3. Each report can delve into the history of the problem/ town
and how the project aimed to ‘fix” or improve some things in
the community. Relate them to some of the concepts or
frameworks we have discussed in class
4. Each report should contain at least 2
figures/tables/graphs/maps which helps illustrate and visualize
the topic. These should be cited in text or captions.
5. Each report must contain a References/Works Cited section at
the end of the report and have in-text citations. You may use
any citation format (MLA, APA, etc.) as long as you are
consistent throughout. Try to use good sources, unlike
Wikipedia. The webpages for the project can be a good start.
6. What do you hope to learn?
7. I will suggest topics of research to follow up on and possible
directions for your talk.
Running head: BREAST CANCER AMONG AFRICAN
AMERICAN WOMEN 1
BREAST CANCER AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN
3

2. Breast Cancer among African American Women in the United
States
Student’s Name
Institution
Breast Cancer among African American Women in the United
States
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting
women in entire world, and in the United States it is one of the
most leading causes of cancer death. Irrespective of the major
improvements made in breast cancer detection, diagnosis as
well as prevention, studies indicate that African American
women are still disproportionately affected by breast cancer
(The American Cancer Society, 2012). Compared with White
women, Black American women have higher mortality rates and
are highly likely to be diagnosed with the disease before the age
of 40 years. Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates trends
demonstrate varying patterns among different races. Whereas
African American women have lower lifetime risk of suffering
from breast cancer, they have a higher mortality rates than
white American women (Allicock et al., 2013). The American
Cancer Society (2012) found that White women have a 90
percent five-year survival white African Americans have a five-
year survival rate of 78 percent, which is lower than that of
other racial as well as ethnic groups in the United States. Some
of the causes of the inequality include inequalities in wealth,
education, overall standard of living, work, housing as well as
education and barriers to quality cancer prevention, detection as
well as treatment services (Leading Health Indicators, n.d.).
Impact of Breast Cancer on African American Women Patients

3. More than 50 percent of persons with cancer suffer from
psychotic disorders, with anxiety and depressions being the
most significant psychopathological comorbidities (Villar et al.
2017). At least 33 percent of persons with breast cancer can
experience psychopathological disorders (Villar et al. 2017).
Normally psychological morbidity is influenced by various
concomitant as well as background factors that affect not only
an individual’s quality of life, but also psychic functions. Davis
et al. (2014) found associations between anxiety and some
biopsychosocial predictors among African American women
with cancer. The researchers indicated effects of anxiety,
related high anxiety levels with intensification of physical
symptoms as well as increase in the perception of adverse
implications of treatments. Lewis et al. (2013), in their study
found that all but one African American woman with cancer
acknowledged the need for emotional as well as functional
support during diagnosis. Seventy percent of the respondents
recalled requiring support and another 56 percent functional
support with their day to day tasks. However, more African
American women with cancer at 68 percent reported receiving
financial support than emotional support at 58 percent. More
than 36 percent required more emotional support during
diagnosis (Lewis et al., 2013),
In addition to nurses’ interventions, various studies have
examined the impact of exercise programs among cancer
patients to improve the quality of life. Pinto, Waldemore and
Rosen (2015) conducted a randomized controlled trial in
conjunction with a community-based organization to examine
the impact of peer mentoring in promotion of physical activity
among cancer survivors. The researchers identified five main
themes that can guide the planning and implementation of
partnerships between evidence-based programs and community-
based programs. The five themes include cost of partnership,
the benefit of partnership, matching of trial goals with the
community-based organizations missions, achievement of a
balance between job tasks as well as research and importance of

4. communication. The researchers conducted structured telephone
interviews with 10 stakeholders at different job levels within
the community-based organizations.
Impact of Peer Mentoring Programs on African American
Cancer Patients
Can collaboration between peer mentoring programs and
community-based organizations among cancer survivors help
reduce the incidence and mortality rates as well as the
psychopathological impacts of breast cancer among African
American women?
References
Allicock, M., Graves, N., Gray, K., & Troester, M. (2013).
African American women’s perspectives on breast cancer:
Implications for communicating risk of basal-like breast
cancer. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and
Underserved, 24(2), 753–767. doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0082
American Cancer Society. (2012). Cancer facts and figures for
African Americans 2011–2012. Atlanta, GA: American
Cancer Society
Davis, C. M., Myers, H. F., Nyamathi, A. M., Brecht, M. L.,
Lewis, M. A., & Hamilton, N. (2014). Biopsychosocial
predictors of psychological functioning among African
American breast cancer survivors. Journal of psychosocial
oncology, 32(5), 493-516.
Leading Health Indicators. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2017,
from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Leading-Health-
Indicators
Lewis, P. E., Sheng, M., Rhodes, M. M., Jackson, K. E., &
Schover, L. R. (2012). Psychosocial concerns of young
African American breast cancer survivors. Journal of
Psychosocial Oncology, 30(2), 168-184.
Pinto, B.M., Waldemore, M., & Rosen, R. (2015).A community-
based partnership to promote exercise among cancer survivors:
Lessons learned. International Journal Behavioral Medicine,
22, 328–335

5. Villar, R. R., Fernández, S. P., Garea, C. C., Pillado, M.,
Barreiro, V. B., & Martín, C. G. (2017). Quality of life and
anxiety in women with breast cancer before and after
treatment. The Latin American Journal of
Nursing, 25(2958), 1-13.