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chain of infection/ breaking the links of Staphylococcus TIA Chain of Infection 2. EXPLAIN how non-specific immunity is utilized when any pathogen is initially attempti to infect a new host. Include specific cells and anentire body protection. 1. Identify each link in the chain for the infectious disease Malaria, Staphylococcus, OR Tapeworm (pick only one). Your answers for each link should all be relevant to eachother and provide a concise look at one way the pathogen you choose moves from one host (or reservoir) to a new host. Then, identify one way to break each link in the chain specific to the infectious disease you chose. Breaking a link must kill/destroy that link or prevent it from occurring. Pathogen (name and type)- Staphylecaccud Break the link- Reservoir- Break the link- 3. EXPLAIN how specific immunity targets specific pathogens and how it remembers those pathogens if infected again. Include the functions of B and T cells. Mode of exit- Break the link- Mode of transfer- Break the link- Mode of entry- Break the link- Susceptible host- Break the link-.
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Bio202 20 22-immune_system
The immune system protects the body from pathogens through innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides broad but non-specific recognition of pathogens using germline-encoded receptors, while adaptive immunity provides pathogen-specific responses through somatic recombination which generates a diverse repertoire of B and T cell receptors. The immune system utilizes different response mechanisms like phagocytosis, antibodies, and cell-mediated responses to target pathogens located in extracellular, intracellular, and cytosolic niches.
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Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided .pdf
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
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oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
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process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
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certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host\'s body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected
with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be
by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
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Solution
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Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided .pdf
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free
oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This
process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear
certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host\'s body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
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by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to
the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive
immune system
Solution
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organis.
Immune system new
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Immune system
AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
a. Define immunity and contrast the difference between its 2 types (innate & acquired).
b. Describe some mechanisms for innate immunity (interferon’s & complement should be included).
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3. The immune system consists of immune cells, molecules, genes, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues.
Sistem imun 5.
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AT THE END OF THIS SESSION, STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
a. Define immunity and contrast the difference between its 2 types (innate & acquired).
b. Describe some mechanisms for innate immunity (interferon’s & complement should be included).
c. Describe briefly the mechanism of acquired immunity and identify the major differences between its two types (humoral & cell-mediated).
d. Relate the knowledge acquired to some clinical problems (e.g., AIDS)
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1. The document discusses microbiology and immunology and was presented by Dr. A. Baskara Boopathy from Caussanel College of Arts and Science.
2. It defines key immunology terms like antigen, pathogen, antibody, and immunoglobulin.
3. The immune system consists of immune cells, molecules, genes, and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, while secondary organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues.
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The immune system has two main branches - the innate immune system which provides immediate non-specific defense mechanisms, and the adaptive immune system which has antigen-specific acquired immunity. The innate system uses physical and chemical barriers along with phagocytic cells and the complement system. The adaptive system uses lymphocytes and antibody production. Antigens are recognized by B and T cells, leading to clonal selection and a memory-based secondary response. Immune disorders occur when tolerance is lost, such as allergies, while deficiencies allow diseases like smallpox and measles to spread. Vaccination has controlled many infectious diseases.
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1. The immune system protects the body through innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defense while adaptive immunity provides long-term protection through immune memory.
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3. The immune system consists of organs, cells, and soluble factors that work together to recognize and eliminate pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs generate immune cells while secondary lymphoid organs activate immune responses.
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The document discusses the human immune system and how it protects the body from infection. It describes the three lines of defense: physical barriers, the innate immune system including macrophages and natural killer cells, and the adaptive immune system including B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that destroy infected cells. It also discusses the differences between active and passive immunity as well as how vaccines work to stimulate active immunity without causing illness.
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- Innate and acquired immunity and the cells involved like T cells, B cells, and phagocytes.
- Antigens and antibodies and their specific reaction.
- Structure and function of the immune system including lymphoid organs and cells.
- Immune response mechanisms like phagocytosis, complement system, and antibody production.
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This document discusses the immune system and immunology. It covers topics such as innate immunity, acquired immunity, antigens, antibodies, and the structure and function of the immune system. The key components of the immune system are described, including phagocytic cells, lymphocytes, and the lymphoreticular system. Different immune responses like humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are also summarized. The roles of antigens, antibodies, and their reactions are defined.
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The document summarizes the immune system and its response to pathogens. It describes:
1) The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses like skin barriers and phagocytic cells that provide immediate response.
2) The adaptive immune system mounts specific responses through B cells and T cells. It develops memory to mount a stronger response upon future exposures.
3) Antigens are recognized by B cells and T cells through antibody and T cell receptors. Helper T cells activate other immune cells through cytokine signaling. Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells.
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a. most of the connections between the scapulae anf the axial skeletons are through muscles
b. the head of the humerus articulates with a shallow glenoid fossa
c. the only bony connection of the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is through the clavicle
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product is below its equilibrium price. True False A popular band is coming to town with only
one concert. The price of a ticket is $50 , and the concert is sold out almost instantly. Still, a
great number of people would pay extra to go to the concert. The equilibrium price is $50
because.
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The recent rise of China and India on the global stage is widely recognized. In 2010, China
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stage. 2. What area(s) does Chine specialize in? Why? 3. What area(s) does India specialize in?
Why.
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The equity sections for Atticus Group at the beginning of the year (January 1) and end of the
year (December 3i) follow. The following transactions and events affected its equity during the
year. January 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record January 10. March 20
Purchased treasury stock for cash. Apri1 5 Deelared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of
record April 10. July 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record July 10. July 31
Declared a 203 stock dividend when the stock's market value vas $14 per share. August 14
Issued the stock dividend that was declared on July 31. october 5 Declared a $0.40 per mhare
cash dividend, date of record october 10. Required: 1. How many common shares are
outstanding on each cash dividend date? [The following information applies to the questions
displayed below.] The equity sections for Atticus Group at the beginning of the year (January 1)
and end of the year (December 31 ) follow. The following transactions and events affected its
equity during the year. January 5 peelaxed a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record
January 10. March 20 Purchased treasury itook for cash. Apri2 5 Declared a $0.40 per share eash
dividend, date of rocord April 10. July 5 peclared a $0.40 per ahare cash dividend, date of record
July 10. July 31 Deolared a 20 s stoek dividend when the stock's market value was $14 per ahare.
Auguat i4 Isaued the Btoek dividend that was declared on July 31 . october 5 Deolared a 50.40
por ahare cash dividend, date of record october 10. 2. What is the total dollar amount for each of
the four cash dividends? What is the amount of retained earnings transferred to paid-in capital
accounts (capitalized) for the stock dividend? The following transactions and events affected its
equity during the year. January 5 Deelared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record
January 10. March 20 Purchased treasury stock for cash. April 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash
dividend, date of record Apri1 10. July 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of
record July 10. July 31 Declared a 208 stock dividend when the stock's market value was $14 per
ahare. August 14 Issued the stook dividend that was declared on July 31. October 5 Declared a
$0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record October 10. What is the per share cost of the
treasury stock purchased? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) Less cost of treasury stock
Total stookholders' equity The following transactions and events affected its equity during the
year. January 5 Declared a \$0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record January 10. March 20
Purchased treasury stock for cash. April 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of
record April 10. July 5 Declared a $0.40 per share cash dividend, date of record July 10. July 31
Declared a 208 stock dividend when the stock's market value was \$14 per share. August 14
Issued the stock dividend that was declared on July 31 . October 5 Declared .
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Scientists are interested in the effects of the sun on growth of moss on trees above the Arctic
Circle. 25 years of data is collected and then analyzed. The study shows that the moss grows the
most in the years where there is a moderate amount of sun during the summer, and the least in
the years where the sun is mostly obscured by clouds during the summer. This is an example of
an
experimental study from which we cannot draw causal conclusions
experimental study from which we can draw causal conclusions
experimental study from which we can draw causal conclusions cautiously
observational study from which we cannot draw causal conclusions
observational study from which we can draw causal conclusions.
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React mui question:
I am passing a data into a Item. Everything works correctly except when I try to use <Link
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route.
without link:
With link:
error:
Uncaught TypeError: react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__.useContext(...) is null
LinkWithRef index.tsx:424
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workLoop scheduler.development.js:266
flushWork scheduler.development.js:239
performWorkUntilDeadline scheduler.development.js:533
js scheduler.development.js:571
js scheduler.development.js:633
factory react refresh:6
Webpack 24
index.tsx:424
LinkWithRef index.tsx:424
React 11
performConcurrentWorkOnRoot self-hosted:1409
workLoop scheduler.development.js:266
flushWork scheduler.development.js:239
performWorkUntilDeadline scheduler.development.js:533
(Async: EventHandlerNonNull)
js scheduler.development.js:571
js scheduler.development.js:633
factory react refresh:6
Webpack 24
Uncaught TypeError: react__WEBPACK_IMPORTED_MODULE_0__.useContext(...) is null
LinkWithRef index.tsx:424
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workLoop scheduler.development.js:266
flushWork scheduler.development.js:239
performWorkUntilDeadline scheduler.development.js:533
js scheduler.development.js:571
js scheduler.development.js:633
factory react refresh:6
Webpack 24
index.tsx:424
LinkWithRef index.tsx:424
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performConcurrentWorkOnRoot self-hosted:1409
workLoop scheduler.development.js:266
flushWork scheduler.development.js:239
performWorkUntilDeadline scheduler.development.js:533
(Async: EventHandlerNonNull)
js scheduler.development.js:571
js scheduler.development.js:633
factory react refresh:6
Webpack 24
The above error occurred in the <Link> component:
LinkWithRef@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:54228:9 span div li
MenuItem@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:50333:18
Item@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:344:7 div
./node_modules/@emotion/react/dist/emotion-element-6a883da9.browser.esm.js/withEmotionCache/<@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:1778:66
Box@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:9159:72 ul nav
Menu@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:50309:18 div div div
ProSidebar@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:50200:18 div
./node_modules/@emotion/react/dist/emotion-element-6a883da9.browser.esm.js/withEmotionCache/<@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:1778:66
Box@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:9159:72
Sidebar@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:379:74 div
InnerThemeProvider@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:8374:70
ThemeProvider@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:8081:7
ThemeProvider@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:8395:7
App@http://localhost:3000/static/js/bundle.js:41:77 Consider adding an error boundary to your
tree to customize error handling behavior. Visit https://reactjs.org/link/error-boundaries to learn
more about error boundaries. react-dom.development.js:18687
React 12
workLoop scheduler.development.js:266
flushWork scheduler.de.
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Drop Down -
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Homologous chromosomes _______- Select all that apply- a- align in pai.pdf
Homologous chromosomes _______. Select all that apply.
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b. align individually on the metaphase plate in meiosis
c. align individually on the metaphase plate in meiosis
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Mr. Johnson, a thirty-three-year-old African American patient had been deemed a "frequent
flyes" (a term used to describe those who keep coming to the hospital for the same reason, often
assumed to be drug seekers) by the nurses and doctors in the emergency department. Each time
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explain relevant to the case 3. How could this harm be prevented and how can we reduce the risk
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serve as an optimal platform for the patients Respect APA and reference as your submission is
individually done and uploaded on Turnitin..
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