this is the presentation for BE Student

1. UNIT 1

2. SYLLABUS
MATERIALS AND ITS APPLICABILITY, INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY, REUSE AND RECYCLE
OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE.
A) Eco Friendly/ Green Building Materials: To understand Environmental impact of building materials. Eco
Friendly building materials, their composition, availability, production, physical properties etc. Application
of the Eco Friendly/ Green Building materials for different components of the buildings at different level,
both internally and externally.
B) Indoor environmental quality, Low VOC materials: Adhesives - Sealants, Paints - Coatings etc.
C) Construction Waste as a Resource - Resource Economics, Disposable Materials, Recovery, Recycling,
Collection, Processing, Governmental Role in Waste Management, Potential for Reuse.

3. ECO FRIENDLY/GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS
 What are Eco-Friendly Building Materials used in Construction?
 Today many people that are building or remodeling their houses choose to use eco-friendly building
materials. An eco-friendly building material is one that increases the efficiency of energy used and reduces
impact on human well-being and the environment.
 There are many different materials that can be used that are eco-friendly; from foundation, to insulation, to
interior and exterior wall finishes, flooring, and countertop materials.

4.  Categorization of Building Materials
 Categorized based on Activity and Vendor Specific
1. Civil materials
2. Waterproofing and Chemical additives
3. Paving, flooring, dado and similar finishes
4. Paints, colors, white washing, distempering and wood finishes
5. Wood work
6. Roofing and ceiling
7. Doors and windows
8. Water supply and sanitary fittings
9. Electrical works
10. Fire fighting system
11. Miscellaneous
12. Excavation work
13. Road works

5.  Why eco-friendly materials?
 Phenomenal growth in the construction industry that depends upon depletable resources.
 Production of building materials leads to irreversible environmental impacts.
 Using eco-friendly materials is the best way to build a eco-friendly building.
 Stone quarrying leads to eroded hills, brick kilns in the fringes of the city lead to denudation of topsoil, dredging for
sand damage the river biodiversity etc.
 Studies indicate that CO2 emission is the critical most aspect that people should be concerned about. Reduction in
the carbon footprint by using eco-friendly building materials improves the environment and helps in bringing
down the average temperature.
 To your surprise, construction business contributes 20% of the overall CO2 emissions. It is a big number indeed.
 Looking at the increasing demand, it may increase further. Especially, in rapidly developing countries like India, the
surge in demand for residential and commercial construction will be quite sharp in the coming decade.
 It is needless to say that construction industry needs excellent Eco-Friendly building materials that
causes minimum harm to our surroundings. Thankfully, we have a wide range at Green Build Products that are
environment friendly as well as superior to conventional products in strength and sturdiness.

6.  What is Eco-friendly material ?
 Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least
possible damage to the environment. US EPA – EPP program defines as:
“products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human
health and the environment when compared with competing
products or services that serve the same purpose”
 Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible
environmental damage and two that it is a comparative scale as
there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly.
 One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that
it consist of two parts –
Material and Technique.
A material by itself can be eco-friendly, e.g. Bamboo Or Even conventional
materials can become eco-friendly based on the construction technique that
is used. e.g. rat trap bond developed by Lauri Baker, which require less
number of bricks and are more heat insulating than normal walls and
therefore eco-friendly.

7. MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND ITS APPLICABILITY
 There are many types of building materials used in construction such as Concrete, Steel, Wood and Masonry.
Each material has different properties such as weight, strength, durability and cost which makes it suitable
for certain types of applications. The choice of materials for construction is based on cost and effectiveness
to resisting the loads and stresses acting on the structure.
Different Green Building Materials
 The aim of using green building materials is to construct energy-efficient structures and to build those
structures one should be aware of different green building materials, their properties and how they
contribute into saving energy.

8. 1. EARTHEN MATERIALS
 Earthen materials like adobe, cob, and rammed
earth are being used for construction purposes
since yore.
 For good strength and durability- chopped straw,
grass and other fibrous materials etc. are added to
earth.
 Even today, structures built with adobe or cob can
be seen in some remote areas.

9. 2. ENGINEERED WOOD
 Wood is one of the most famous building
materials used around the world.
 But in the process of conversion of raw timber to
wood boards and planks, most percentage of
wood may get wasted.
 This wastage can also be used to make structural
parts like walls, boards, doors etc. in the form of
engineered wood.
 Unlike solid wood, engineered wood contains
different layers of wood, usually the middle layers
are made of wood scraps, softwoods, wood fibers
etc.

10. 3. BAMBOO
 Bamboo is one of the most used multipurpose and
durable materials used in construction.
 These trees grow faster irrespective of climatic
conditions. So, it makes it economical as well.
 They can be used to construct frames or supports,
walls, floors etc.
 They provide a good appearance to the structures.

11. 4. SIPS
 Structural insulated panels (SIPs) consist of two
sheets of oriented strand boards or flake board
with a foam layer between them.
 They are generally available in larger sizes and are
used as walls for the structure.
 Because of their large size, they need heavy
equipment to install however, they provide good
insulation.

12. 5. INSULATED CONCRETE FORMS
 Insulated concrete forms contain two insulation
layers with some space in between them. This space
contains some arrangement for holding
reinforcement bars, after placing reinforcement,
concrete is poured into this space.
 They are light in weight, fire resistant, low dense and
have good thermal and sound insulation properties.

13. 6. CORDWOOD
 If wood is abundantly available and easily
accessible to the site of construction, cordwood
construction is recommended.
 It requires short and round pieces of wood which
are laid one above the other, width wise, and are
bonded together by special mortar mix.
 They are strong, environmental friendly and also
give good appearance to the structure.

14. 7. STRAW BALE
 Straw bale is another green building material which can be
used as framing material for building because of good
insulating properties. They can also act as soundproof
materials.
 Non-load bearing walls of straw bale can be used as fill
material in between columns and, in beams framework is
recommended.
 Since air cannot pass through them, straw bales also have
some resistance to fire.

15. 8. EARTH BAGS
 Earth bags or sand bags are also used to construct
walls of a structure.
 These types of structures can be seen in military
bases, near banks of water resources etc.
 Generally, bags made of burlap are recommended but
they may rot very easily and hence, polypropylene
bags are used nowadays.

16. 9. SLATE ROOFING
 Slate is naturally formed rock which is used to make
tiles.
 Slate tiles have high durability and they are used as
roofing materials.
 Slate roofing is preferred when it is locally or cheaply
available.

17. 10. THATCH
 Thatch is nothing but dry straw, dry water reed,
dried rushes etc. These are the oldest roofing
materials which are still in use in some remote
locations of the world and even in cities for aesthetic
attractions.
 It is cheaply available for roofing and a good
insulator too.

18. 11. NATURAL FIBER
 Natural fibers like cotton, wool can also be used
as insulation materials.
 Recycled cotton fibers or wool fibers are
converted into a batt and installed in preformed
wooden frame sections.

19. 12. POLYURETHANE
 Polyurethane foam is available in the form of spray
bottles. They are directly sprayed onto the surface
or wall or to which part insulation is required.
 After spraying it expands and forms a thick layer
which hardens later on.
 They offer excellent insulation and prevent leakage
of air.

20. 13. FIBERGLASS
 Fiberglass is also used for insulation purposes in the
form of fiberglass batts.
 Even though it contains some toxic binding agents,
because of its super insulation property at low cost it
can be considered as a green building material.

21. 14. CELLULOSE
 Cellulose is a recycled product of paper waste and it is
widely used around the world for insulation purposes
in structure.
 It acts as good sound insulator and available for cheap
prices in the market.

22. 15. NON-VOC PAINTS
 Non-VOC paint or green paint is recommended over VOC
containing paints.
 Presence of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in paint
reacts with sunlight and nitrogen oxide resulting in the
formation of ozone which can cause severe health
problems for the occupants.
 If non-VOC paint is not available then try the paint with
very low-VOC content in it.

23. 16. NATURAL FIBER FLOOR
 Naturally occurring materials like bamboo, wool
and cotton fiber carpets, cork etc. can be used for
flooring purposes.

24. 17. STONE
 Stone is a naturally occurring and a long-lasting building
material. Some Stone structures built hundreds of years
ago are still in existence without much abrasion.
 Stones are good against weathering hence they can be
used to construct exterior walls, steps, exterior flooring
etc.

25. PROPERTIES OF ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS ?


26. INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY [IEQ]
 The term “indoor environmental quality” (IEQ) represents a domain that encompasses diverse & sub-domains
that affect the human life inside a building.
 These include indoor air quality (IAQ), lighting, thermal comfort, acoustics, drinking water, ergonomics,
electromagnetic radiation, and many related factors , as depicted in Figure 1.
 Enhanced environmental quality can improve the quality of life of the occupants, increase the resale value of the
building, and minimize the penalties on building owners.
 IEQ in offices and other workplaces has a crucial role on the return on investment of businesses.
 A workplace with high IEQ obviously improves the workers’ health and mood, thereby increasing their
productivity. Therefore, the additional cost of maintaining high IEQ levels in workplaces will be paid back in a
reasonable period and generates additional monetary returns thereafter.
 It should be noted that buildings being rated as “sustainable and green” do not truly guaranty their compliance
with the desired IEQ level .Therefore, IEQ should be given specific focus while designing new buildings as well
as in building retrofit plans.

27.  Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) encompasses the conditions inside a building—air quality, lighting,
thermal conditions, ergonomics—and their effects on occupants or residents.
 Strategies for addressing IEQ include those that protect human health, improve quality of life, and reduce
stress and potential injuries.
 Better indoor environmental quality can enhance the lives of building occupants, increase the resale value
of the building, and reduce liability for building owners.

28.  Indoor environmental quality is a very important scientific domain that deals with various aspects that
govern the health, comfort, and productivity of the occupants and determine the value of a building.
 However, even though there is increasing awareness on the demand for sustainable, green, and high-
performance buildings, ensuring the desired level of IEQ is often not given the deserving care.
 Consequently, most of the sustainable and green buildings lack in complying with the IEQ requirements.
 The building owners should rewrite their mindset to take into account the enormous potential for monetary
returns and health benefits through improving the IEQ of the building.

29.  The following good practices are generally recommended to ensure a comfortable level of IEQ:
1. Follow scientific practices of design, construction, renovation, operation, and maintenance, in compliance with the
international standards.
2. Adopt “source control” by minimizing the causes that lead to poor IEQ.
3. Enhance the esthetics and indoor environment by proper integration of natural and man-made facilities.
4. Minimize the dependence of artificial lighting and electrical equipment such as air conditioner, elevator, and fans,
with a view to improve human health and minimize energy consumption.
5. Ensure thermal comfort through proper design of the interior and microclimate.
6. Facilitate proper ventilation and maintain acceptable air quality, by following standard guidelines.
7. Minimize the spread of pathogens by minimizing exposure to washrooms and by proper maintenance procedures.
8. Avoid using products and materials, which contain harmful ingredients (such as formaldehyde) and produce harmful
emissions.
9. Ensure noise comfort and privacy, by suitably adopting the materials for walls, floors, and ceiling, and other standard
means for acoustic comfort.
10. Avoid unpleasant odors through selective use of products, regular and safe waste disposal, careful selection of
cleaning products, isolation of contaminants, prohibition of smoking, and related measures.
11. Maintain availability and accessibility of safe and clean drinking water in compliance with the water quality
standards.

30. FIG 1

31.  It includes following terms:
1. Indoor air quality
2. Thermal comfort
3. Lighting comfort
4. Acoustic comfort
5. Ergonomics
6. Electromagnetic field and radiation
7. Water quality

32. WHY IEQ THIS IMPORTANT FOR BUILDINGS?
 Since the personnel costs of salaries and benefits typically surpass operating costs of an office building,
strategies that improve employees’ health and productivity over the long run can have a large return on
investment.
 IEQ goals often focus on providing stimulating and comfortable environments for occupants and minimizing
the risk of building-related health problems.
 To make their buildings places where people feel good and perform well, project teams must balance
selection of strategies that promote efficiency and conservation with those that address the needs of the
occupants and promote well-being.
 Ideally, the chosen strategies do both: the solutions that conserve energy, water and materials also
contribute to a great indoor experience.

33. WHAT ARE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES IMPROVING OCCUPANTS’
COMFORT AND CONTROL?
1. Use day lighting.
2. Install operable windows.
3. Give occupants temperature and ventilation control.
4. Give occupants lighting control.
5. Conduct occupant surveys.
6. Provide ergonomic furniture.
7. Include appropriate acoustic design.

34. REUSE AND RECYCLE OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE.
 Reuse — Many materials can be salvaged from demolition and renovation sites and sold, donated, stored
for later use, or reused on the current project. Typical materials suitable for reuse include plumbing fixtures,
doors, cabinets, windows, carpet, brick, light fixtures, ceiling and floor tiles, wood, HVAC equipment, and
decorative items (including fireplaces and stonework).
 Recycling — Materials can either be recycled onsite into new construction or offsite at a C&D processor.
Typical materials recycled from building sites include metal, lumber, asphalt, pavement (from parking lots),
concrete, roofing materials, corrugated cardboard and wallboard.

35.  Commonly Recovered Construction & Demolition Materials:
 Wood: Reuse timbers, large dimension lumber, plywood, flooring, molding, lumber longer than 6 feet. Clean,
untreated wood can be recycled, re-milled into flooring, or chipped/ground to make engineered board, boiler fuel,
and mulch.
 Asphalt Paving Asphalt is crushed and recycled back into new asphalt. Markets for recycled asphalt paving include
aggregate for new asphalt hot mixes and sub-base for paved road.
 Land Clearing Residuals: Trees and bush—can be recycled as compost or mulch; soil can be reused as fill and cover.
 Gypsum Wallboard: Remove and recycle gypsum drywall. Markets include new drywall manufacture, cement
manufacture, and agriculture. Unused drywall can be returned to a supplier, donated, or sold.
 Metals: Recycle metals found at a construction, demolition, or renovation sites. Common metals include steel,
aluminum, and copper. Local metal scrap yards or recyclers that accept metal materials are typically accessible.
Metals are melted down and reformed into metal products. Markets are well established for metals.
 Buildings: Reuse large portions of existing structures during renovation or redevelopment. Extending the life cycle of
existing building stock will conserve resources, retain cultural resources, reduce waste, and reduce environmental
impacts of new buildings as they relate to materials manufacturing and transport

36.  Concrete: Concrete is commonly recycled. It is crushed, the reinforcement bar is removed, and the material is
screened for size. Market outlets for recycled concrete include road base, general fill, pavement aggregate, and
drainage media.
 Roofing (non-asphalt shingles): Reuse sheathing, terracotta, slate, or untreated cedar tiles. Metal materials can
also be recycled.
 Asphalt Shingles: Recycle asphalt shingles. After the removal of nails, asphalt shingles can be ground and
recycled into asphalt mixes.
 Brick : Reuse clean brick in historical restoration projects. Recycle clean brick by crushing material. Market
outlets for recycled brick include aggregate, drainage media, and general fill.
 Architectural Salvage: Salvage for resale and reuse, doors and door frames, windows, structural systems,
millwork, fixtures, and other materials. Wood structural systems rate highly for end-of-life reuse potential. Old
mill buildings framed with large wood timbers are now treasure troves of material for new construction. Markets
are well established and easily accessible.

37. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF BUILDING MATERIALS
 All around the globe the consumption of raw materials by the construction industries is accumulating day by day
resulting with an depletion of natural resources, increasing the environmental impacts and CO2 emissions all over
the surroundings.
 Today steel and concrete are widely used and are dominating construction materials in construction industry.
 These two construction materials are different products and have distinct production flow with significant impact
on the environment.
 The amount of embodied energy and operational energy which is consumed in the process of production, recycling
and reuse are becoming increasingly more important in the construction industries due to the potential shortage of
natural resources in the near by future and due to the inflation in the energy prices.
 This master’s thesis determines some of the problems of antagonistic environmental impacts due to the use of steel
and concrete in the construction industries.
 To mitigate these environmental impacts there are two technology and policy strategies summarized in this thesis.
 i. Reduce consumption
 ii. Material selection to reduce impacts.

38. 1. Reduce consumption:
 All around the globe the consumption of materials is growing day by day with an increase in the population
resulting with a depletion of virgin materials. This depletion of virgin materials can be reduced with the help of
recycling and reuse of the structural members.
 Recycling of structural members is already practiced widely than reuse; reuse of the structural members
additionally reduces the consumption of virgin materials.
 High level of reuse of the structural materials can be achieved by establishing design standards and regulations for
structural sections, and developing a market for reusable structural sections.
2. Material selection to reduce impacts:
 For the selection of construction materials with minimum impact on the environment the designers needs to have
apropos education or tools.
 The main areas for augmentation are identified as education of designers, and standardization and simplification
of selection tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
 Some of the main recommendations are: LCA tools standardization; reduce the impact sections and make these
impact sections comprehendible and integrate uncertainty data and educating designers about material selection
tools with organized programs.

39.  Building and construction activities worldwide consume 3 billion tonnes of raw materials each year
 The choice of materials and building elements for any building will mainly be made on the basis of thermal
properties, structural properties and cost. As well as the energy implications of the materials, other factors to be
considered include:
1. the implications of mineral extraction to derive the basic product
2. the pollution and energy consequences of the manufacturing/production process
3. toxicity of product and chemicals etc. used in manufacturing process e.g. global warming potential/ozone
depletion potential
4. waste issues at all stages of the production and construction processes
5. distribution/transport issues
6. life-cycle and recycling options at the end of its expected life

40. LOW VOC MATERIAL OR ZERO VOC MATERIAL
 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are found in many materials associated with home building, including paints,
primers, finishes, stains, adhesives, treated lumber, spray foams, and insulation.
 They can be dangerous for the environment as well as human health, and therefore using materials with low- or
zero-VOCs is one of the best practices of green building.
 Using low- or zero-VOC materials can protect the air quality in your home, and protect the environment as well.
 According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may
have short- and/or long-term adverse health effects.
 Common reactions to VOCs include headaches, dizziness, and fatigue.
 The EPA has stated that some VOCs can cause cancer in animals, and some are suspected or known to also cause
cancer in humans.

41.  One of the easiest ways to incorporate low- or zero-VOC materials is when you’re repainting your home!
Whenever possible we should use paint with low or zero levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) to
keep your home healthy and environmentally friendly.
 Traditional paint emits VOCs as it dries; this is what causes that “new paint” smell.

42.  Paints:
 Painting is a wonderful way to breathe new life into your rooms. Unfortunately, it can also have adverse effects on air
quality. Let’s take a closer look at how paints can degrade your indoor air quality and the precautions you can take to
avoid being adversely affected by them.
 Most paints release VOCs (volatile organic compounds) – chemicals that readily evaporate into the air – that could
cause indoor air quality problems. Indoor VOC levels are highest during painting and soon afterward as the new paint
dries.
 VOCs have been linked to several short-term and long-term health problems, including:
1. respiratory problems
2. dizziness
3. nausea
4. eye irritation
5. headaches
6. liver damage
7. kidney damage
8. central nervous system damage
9. cancer

43.  Interior wall paints are recognized as a significant source of VOCs in the indoor environment.
 The main indoor air quality concern from paints is the release of total volatile organic chemicals (TVOCs), many
of which are irritants or odorants, and can present other toxic exposure concerns.
 Actual chemicals released by paints depend on their chemical formulation.
 When new paint is drying, indoor VOC levels can be 1000 times higher than outdoor levels. Paint releases VOCs
into the air. Because of the large surface areas typically covered by paint in a room, VOC emissions can be
significant. A room that is 12x12 feet will have a painted wall and ceiling surface are close to 432 ft2 which is
three times the exposed area of a flooring or ceiling product. Since paints are often applied in occupied spaces,
and VOC emissions can continue even 6 months after application, people are more likely to be exposed to
vapors from freshly painted surfaces.
Common Chemicals Found in Latex & Other Paints
In Flat Latex Paints: In Alkyd, Oil, and Gloss Paints:
Propylene glycol Benzenes
Ethylene glycol Xylenes
Texanols Naphthalene
Butoxyethoxyethanol Heavy alkanes
Butyl propionate
Alcohols
Aldehydes

44.  Safety Precautions
1. You can take precautions to reduce the chemicals that paint releases into your home’s air.
2. Look for low-VOC or zero-VOC paints.
3. Schedule indoor painting when your home is unoccupied, for example during school hours or when your
family is on vacation.
4. Read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions on the paint cans carefully.
5. Run exhausts fans to get rid of fumes in the work area as you paint. Continue operating the fans until two to
three days after completing the painting project. You can also use supply fans in the adjacent rooms to keep
paint vapors out. Consider painting during dry periods in the spring or fall when you can leave your
windows open more easily to increase ventilation.
6. While painting, take fresh air breaks frequently.
7. Try as much as possible to stay away from a freshly painted area for two to three days.
8. Buy a quantity of paint that’s just enough for your project to avoid having leftover paint around the house.
In case you’re left with some unused paint after the project, make sure you seal its container tightly.
 The above practices will help you minimize and mitigate indoor painting’s negative effects on air quality. For more
ways to improve your home’s IAQ, contact the professionals at Jackson and Sons Heating and Air.

45. ADHESIVES AND SEALENT
 Exterior adhesives and sealants are formulated for performance, but some contain chemicals that pose risks to
unprotected workers or the environment.
 As discussed throughout this series, adhesives and sealants used outside the building envelope have to adhere to
the substrate and seal gaps, and they often need to be as durable as the building itself.
 Performance is the primary concern, and the chemical constituents often take a back seat.
 Unlike products used on the interior—where VOCs and other potentially hazardous chemicals can concentrate to
create indoor air quality problems for occupants—for exterior products, exposure risk is mostly limited to
workers who manufacture and apply the products.
 Adhesives and sealants
 Liquid, or wet-applied, adhesives are more likely to expose workers to hazardous emissions than are tapes or
gaskets, with latex and solvent-free silicon products generally posing the least risk.
 Polyurethanes, which contain isocyanates that may cause lung damage in workers, need to be properly mixed,
applied, and cured, but proper ventilation and skin protection should also be used when applying certain acrylics,
butyls, polyurethanes, and polysulfides.

46. CONSTRUCTION WASTE AS A RESOURCE
1. Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction or industries
2. This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring, shingle, and roofing as well as waste
originating from site preparation such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble.
3. Construction waste may contain lead, asbestos, or other hazardous substances.
4. Much building waste is made up of materials such as bricks, concrete and wood damaged or unused for various
reasons during construction.
5. Observational research has shown that this can be as high as 10 to 15% of the materials that go into a building, a
much higher percentage than the 2.5-5% usually assumed by quantity surveyors and the construction industry.
6. Since considerable variability exists between construction sites, there is much opportunity for reducing this waste.
7. Some certain components of construction waste such as plasterboard are hazardous once landfilled. Plasterboard is
broken down in landfill conditions releasing hydrogen sulfide, a toxic gas.
8. There is the potential to recycle many elements of construction waste. Often roll-off containers are used to transport
the waste. Rubble can be crushed and reused in construction projects. Waste wood can also be recovered and
recycled.
9. Where recycling is not an option, the disposal of construction waste and hazardous materials must be carried out
according to legislation of relevant councils and regulatory bodies.
10. The penalties for improper disposal of construction waste and hazardous waste, including asbestos, can reach into
the tens of thousands of dollars for businesses and individuals.

47. DISPOSABLE MATERIAL


48. REUSE AND RECYCLING
 Many building materials can be reused or recycled.
 The ability to reuse and recycle materials salvaged from demolition and building sites for reuse and
recycling depends on:
1. local recycling facilities
2. market demand
3. quality and condition of materials and components
4. time available for salvage
5. emphasis put on reuse and recycling.

49.  Reuse/recycling from construction sites
Materials that can generally be recycled from construction sites include:
1. steel from reinforcing, wire, containers, and so on
2. concrete, which can be broken down and recycled as base course in driveways and footpaths
3. aluminium
4. plastics – grade 1 (PET) and 2 (HDPE)
5. paper and cardboard
6. untreated timber, which can be used as firewood or mulched
7. topsoil
8. paint. A number of manufacturers/retailers take back unwanted paint and paint containers.

50. Reuse/recycling from
deconstruction/demolition sites
Materials that can generally be recycled from
deconstruction/demolition sites include:
1.siteworks and vegetation – asphalt paving, chain link
fencing, timber fencing, trees
2.concrete – in situ and precast concrete
3.masonry – concrete blocks and decorative concrete,
paving stones, bricks,
4.metals – reinforcing steel (rebar), structural steel, steel
roofing including flashings and spouting, zinc roofing,
interior metal wall studs, cast iron, aluminium, copper
including flashings, spouting, claddings and pipework, lead,
electrical, plumbing fixtures
5.timber – hardwood flooring, laminated beams, truss joists,
treated and untreated timbers/posts, joinery, untreated
timber generally, engineered timber panels
6.terracotta tiles
7.electrical wiring
8.wool carpet
9.plastics – grade 1 (PET) and 2 (HDPE).
Components that can readily be reused include:
1.stairs
2.timber – hardwood flooring, weatherboards, laminated
beams, truss joists, treated and untreated framing,
timbers/posts, New Zealand native timber components
3.thermal insulation – fibreglass, wool and polyester
insulation, polystyrene sheets
4.carpet and carpet tiles
5.plumbing fixtures – baths, sinks, toilets, taps, service
equipment, hot water heaters
6.electrical fittings – light fittings, switches, thermostats
7.linings and finishings – architraves, skirtings, wood
panelling, specialty wood fittings, joinery
8.doors and windows – metal and timber doors,
mechanical closures, panic hardware, aluminium windows,
steel windows, sealed glass units, unframed glass mirrors,
store fronts, skylights, glass from windows and doors,
timber and metal from frames
9.clay and concrete roof tiles
10.metal wall and roof claddings
11.PVC and metal spouting.

51.  Hazardous materials
 Hazardous materials must be disposed of appropriately. Check the requirements for removal and disposal of
hazardous waste for your local area.
Hazardous wastes from the demolition of buildings may include:
1. fluorescent light ballasts manufactured before 1978 – contain PCBs
2. fluorescent lamps – contain mercury
3. refrigeration and air conditioning equipment – contain refrigerants made using CFCs
4. batteries – contain lead, mercury and acid
5. roof and wall claddings, pipe insulation, some vinyl flooring, textured ceilings and roofing membrane sheets
containing asbestos fibres
6. lead or materials that contain lead such as flashings, paint, bath and basin wastes.

52. REQUIREMENTS FOR RECYCLED OR REUSED MATERIALS
 Things to check for concrete
1. Types of concrete and rubble accepted.
2. Size of concrete pieces.
3. Amount of preprocessing.
4. Acceptable levels of bricks and tiles.
5. Acceptable amount of contamination from materials such as glass, metal, soil.
 Some concretes products are too hard-wearing on crushing machines and some concretes are too soft to
meet reuse specifications after crushing, so will not be accepted by operators.

53.  Things to check for metal
1. Types of metal accepted.
2. Contamination tolerances from materials such as plastics and leftover product in containers.
 Things to check for plasterboard
1. New Zealand currently has no facilities for recycling plasterboard back into plasterboard.
2. There are opportunities for use of off-cuts.
3. Some composting facilities accept plasterboard – the gypsum content acts as a soil improver.

54.  Things to check for timber
1. Types of timber acceptable (for example, treated, native, untreated).
2. Minimum and maximum sizes of board and lengths of timber.
3. Minimum and maximum quantities.
4. Contamination tolerances from materials such as nails, paint, concrete.
5. Any preprocessing requirements such as sorting or grading.
6. How timber is to be received (for example, loose, stacked in containers or on pallets).


55. GOVERNMENTAL ROLE IN WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Local government must provide waste management services, which include waste removal, storage and disposal services,
as per Schedule 5B of the Constitution.
 Municipalities must work with industry and other stakeholders to extend recycling at municipal level.
 Municipalities must provide additional bins for separation at-source, and are responsible for diverting organic waste from
landfill and composting it.
 Municipalities must facilitate local solutions such as Material Recovery Facilities and buy-back centres, rather than
provide the entire recycling infrastructure themselves.
 Municipalities must designate a waste management officer from their administration to coordinate waste management
matters.
 They must also submit an IWMP plan to the MEC for approval. The IWMP must be integrated to the municipal integrated
development plans (IDPs), and the municipal annual performance report must include information on the implementation
of the IWMP.
 Municipalities must also register transporters of waste above certain thresholds on a list of waste transporters.
 At their discretion, municipalities may set local waste service standards for waste separation, compacting, management
and disposal of solid waste, amongst others.
 Local standards must be aligned with any provincial and national standards where these exist.

56.  National government, and in particular DEA, is ultimately responsible for ensuring that the Waste Act is
implemented and that the various provisions are harnessed in the most appropriate and effective way.
 The Waste Act specifies various mandatory and discretionary provisions that DEA must address.
 In terms of mandatory provisions, DEA is responsible for:
1. Establishing the National Waste Management Strategy.
2. Setting national norms and standards.
3. Establishing and maintaining a National Contaminated Land Register.
4. Establishing and maintaining a National Waste Information System.
5. Preparing and implementing a National Integrated Waste Management Plan.
 As discussed earlier, the Minister is the licensing authority for hazardous waste, activities performed by a provincial
environmental authority or statutory body other than municipalities, or an activity that takes place in more than one
authority or that traverses international boundaries.
 The Minister is responsible for international obligations relating to waste.
 The Minister must designate a waste management officer from the DEA's administration to co-ordinate waste
management matters.

57. THANK YOU
Made by
Chaitanya Nagare