2. A device that detects the intensity of the light
incident on it is a light sensor.
Different types of light sensors are Light Dependent
Resistors, Photo Diodes, Photo Transistors
These are also called as photo resistor.
Introduction
3. A light Dependent Resistor that is LDR or a photo
resistor is a device whose resistivity is the function of
a incident electro magnetic radiation or simply light
That is why they are light sensitive devices.
These are also Called as photo conductors, photo
conductive Cells or photo cells
Introduction
4. Made of Semiconductor materials having high
resistance.
There are different symbols used to represents the
LDR .
Introduction
5. Commonly used Symbol is
Arrow indicates light falling
on it
SYMBOL
6. LDR works on the principle of photo conductivity.
Photo conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which
material conductivity is reduced
when the light is absorbed by the material.
Principle
7. When light falls, or when the photons fall on the
device the electrons on the valence band of the
semiconductor material are exited to the conduction
band
Principle
Conduction Band
Valence Band
8. These photons in the incident light should have
energy greater than the band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons jumps
from valence band to conduction band
Hence when light having enough energy strikes on
the device more and more electrons are exited to the
conduction band which results large no of carriers.
Principle
9. Characteristics of LDR
a. When Light falls on the LDR its resistance decreases.
b. And the resistance is increases during the dark and this is
called as dark resistance.
Resistance
Light intensity
Resistance Decreasing with light intensity
Dark Light
10. It can be high as 10^12 ohm.
When light falls on the LDR its resistance decreases
drastically
If constant voltage applied to it and intensity of the
light is increases the current starts increasing.
Characteristics of LDR
11. LDR are less sensitive than photo diodes and photo
transistors.
LDR and a photo diodes are not the same
Photo diode is a pn-junction semiconductor device
that converts light to electricity.
Characteristics of LDR
12. Where as photo cell is a passive device there is no PN-
junction in LDR. It will not convert light to electricity.
LDR only changes the conductivity of the path for
electricity depending on the light falls on it.
LDR are non Linear Devices. There sensitivity varies
with the wavelength of light incident on them.
Characteristics of LDR
13. Based on the materials used they are classified as
a. Intrinsic photo resistors
b. Extrinsic photo resistors
Different types of LDR
14. These are made of pure semi conductor materials
Such as Silicon or germanium
Electrons are get exited from valence band to
conduction band when light fall on it and no of charge
carriers increases.
Intrinsic photo resistors
15. These are semiconductor materials doped with
impurities which are the dopants
These dopants creates new energy band above the
valence band which are fill with the electrons hence
this reduces the band gap and less energy is required
in exiting electrons
These are used for long wave lengths.
Extrinsic photo resistors
17. Structure Consists of light sensitive material which is
deposited on an insulating substrate such as ceramic
Material deposited on it as zigzag pattern in order to
obtain the desired resistance and power rating
Zigzag area seperates the metal deposited Area into
to 2 regions
Construction of LDR
18. Then the ohmic contacts are made on either sides of
area.
The resistance of these contacts should be low as
possible to make sure that the resistance mainly
changes due to the effect of light only.
Normally used materials are cadmium sulphide,
cadmium selenide ,induim antimonide .
Construction of LDR
19. Quick Response
Reliable Performance
Good Characteristic of Spectrum
Features
20. High sensitivity
Easy employment
Low cost
No union potential
High light-dark resistance ration
LDR based light sensors are available in different
shapes and sizes
Advantages
21. LDRs are highly inaccurate with high response
time(about 10s or 100s of milliseconds)
Slow response in stable material
Narrow Spectral response
Hysteresis effect
Low temperature stability for the fastest material
Disadvantages
22. Photo switch
Photoelectric Control
Auto Flash for Camera
Electronic Toys, Industrial Control
Applications of LDR