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1. Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment Discussion Paper
Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment Discussion PaperDifferential Diagnosis:1. Carpal
tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disorder caused that occurs when the median nerve is
compressed of the median nerve as it goes through the carpal tunnel on the wrist (Dains et
al., 2018). The carpal tunnel is situated at the base of the palm, within the transverse carpal
ligament and three carpal bones. The synovial sheaths, median nerve, and flexor tendons
pass through the carpal tunnel. CTS is a widely known compressive neuropathy triggered by
repetitive angular hand movements, repetitive hand vibrations, and repetitive hand
movements, and repetitive hand vibrations. Symptoms of CTS slowly start as generalized
palm, hand, and finger pain. As CTS advances with increased compression of the nerves,
manifestations in the affected extremity develop as weakness, pain, tingling, and numbness.
Patients show the typical subject symptoms of feelings of needles and pain, hand fatigue,
hand pain discomfort, increasing night-time pain, and a propensity to drop objects
(Thomson, 2017) Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment Discussion Paper.ORDER A
PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HEREDiagnosis, along with substantiating electrodiagnostic
tests, is focused on clinical experience and results (Lane et al., 2014). In clinical
environments, the Phalen test, using contextual responses, and the Tinel test, using tapping
response, are most widely used to show CTS (Ibrahim et al . , 2012). Although psychiatric
experience and clinical tests are not conclusive, reports of nerve conduction (NCS)
measuring median conductive nerve times reduced in CTS (Ibrahim et al., 2012). Obesity
and excessive activity are major carpal tunnel syndrome risk aspects (Ibrahim et al., 2012).
Clinical examination in case 2, an obese woman cosmetologist can suggest that operating
with beauty products induces excessive or repeated wrist flexing, causing stress on the
median nerve, rendering CTS the primary diagnosis.Cervical Radiculopathy: Is cervical
spinal nerve root failure, most often the Seventh and lower of the sixth (Onks & Billy, 2013).
Pain that extends through the wrist, spine, arms, back muscles and shoulders is the first
signs of cervical radiculopathy. h Other signs include muscle fatigue, numbness of the arms,
tingling of the palms, and loss of balance in the legs. The risk factors include hard physical
labour involving carrying of more than 30 pounds, drinking, running heavy machinery,
spinal tumours, growing cervical synovial fibroids, cervical-facet synovial
enchondromatosis, large cell arteritis of the cervical radicular arteries, spinal disorders,
ruptured bones, degenerative bone shifts, or conditions that bring nerve roots under strain.
Cervical radiculopathy diagnosis includes a personal history of radiant discomfort, trauma,
accidents, social background and lifestyle. Medical examinations include palpated cervical

2. irregularities, tenderness, intensity checks, sensation measures, reaction testing, and
gesture function head/neck. During the clinical examination, Spurling 's tests may
determine that contracting of the cervical spine will replicate or exacerbate radicular effects
with a successful result that is appropriate to initiate non-surgical procedures. CT scan, X-
ray, MRI, and electromyography are supplementary diagnostic procedures where clinical
diagnosis and evaluation remain inconclusive (Onks & Billy, 2013). Clinical examination in
case 2, an obese woman cosmetologist does not show the sign in emanating pain and does
not involve cervical damage with large impacts Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment
Discussion Paper. Brachial Plexus: Is a system of nerves that sends messages to the arm,
shoulder, and hand from the spine (Tharin et al., 2014). Brachial damage to the plexus
happens as these nerves are extended, twisted, or separated from the spinal cord in the
most difficult situations. m Signs include numbness, extreme pain, fatigue, failure to use
the upper extremity muscles. Total loss of mobility at the upper extremity and discomfort of
a brachial plexus fracture can be possible. Diagnosis requires examination and clinical
assessment as well as medical tests to assess the extent of electromyography, nerve
conduction tests, CT myelography and MRI(Tharin et al., 2014). Arthritis of the wrist is
inflammation of joints with the common prevalent type of osteoarthritis, a disease in which
the defensive cushioning of the cartilage between the joints becomes weak (Day, Wu &
Smith 2019). Signs of hand or wrist arthritis can involve inflammation, tenderness, sharp
pain, weakness and trouble grasping or pinching items due to reduced energy and motion
range. More women are impacted after age 46 than males. Arthritis risk
aspects include excessive joint pain, obesity and a woman above age 46. Arthritis treatment
requires clinical review and physical assessment with decreased freedom of mobility,
stiffness, tenderness, joint dysfunction, irregular swelling or joint remodelling. Specific
screening measures include x-ray and blood examination to distinguish between
rheumatoid and osteoarthritis (Day, Wu, & Smith, 2019); Clinical examination in case 2, an
obese woman beautician, suggests the role of the nerves in tingling and numbness not
linked to arthritis. Lupus is an autoimmune condition characterized by inducing irritation,
swelling, discomfort and disruption of the immune system (Fanouriakis, Bertsias & Govoni,
2019). Symptoms of lupus are ambiguous in nature and involve weakness, joint discomfort,
nausea and a facial lupus rash. A diagnosis of lupus includes personal history, signs and
examination of the antinuclear antibody (ANA) (Fanouriakis, Bertsias & Govoni, 2019).
Clinical examination in case 2, an obese woman cosmetologist, does not involve the chronic
and ambiguous lupus signs Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment Discussion
Paper.ReferencesDains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2018). Advanced Health
Assessment & Clinical Diagnosis in Primary Care E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.Day, Wu,
& Smith. (2019). 10 Rheumatoid Arthritis Complications You Need to Know About.
CreakyJoints. Retrieved 28 July 2020, from https://creakyjoints.org/comorbid-
conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis-complications/.Fanouriakis, A., Bertsias, G., & Govoni, M.
(2019). Lupus and the Brain: Advances in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 52.Ibrahim, I., Khan, W. S., Goddard, N., & Smitham,
P. (2012). Suppl 1: carpal tunnel syndrome: a review of the recent literature. The open
orthopaedics journal, 6, 69.Lane, L. B., Starecki, M., Olson, A., & Kohn, N. (2014). Carpal

3. tunnel syndrome diagnosis and treatment: a survey of members of the American Society for
Surgery of the Hand. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 39(11), 2181-2187.Onks, C. A., & Billy, G.
(2013). Evaluation and treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Primary care, 40(4), 837-
48.Tharin, B. D., Kini, J. A., York, G. E., & Ritter, J. L. (2014). Brachial plexopathy: a review of
traumatic and nontraumatic causes. American Journal of Roentgenology, 202(1), W67-
W75.Thomson, R. G. (2017). Extraordinary bodies: Figuring physical disability in American
culture and literature. Columbia University Press Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment
Discussion Paper.Please, paraphrase the 5 diagnosis below. Create a header with page
number, follow APA 7 format for all citations. Please! Please!! Please!!!, NO PLAGIARISM.
Thank you. Differential Diagnosis: 1. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): is a compressive
neuropathy related to the entrapment of the median nerve in the dominant hand (Dains,
Baumann, & Scheibel, 2016).The carpal tunnel is located at the base of the palm, enclosed
with three carpal bones and the transverse carpal ligament. The median nerve, flexor
tendons, and synovial sheaths run through the carpal tunnel. CTS is a common entrapment
neuropathy caused by repetitive hand movements, repetitive hand vibrations, and
repetitive angular hand motions. CTS symptoms begin gradually as localized discomfort of
the hand, palm, and fingers. As CTS progresses with continued nerve compression,
symptoms progress in the affected extremity as numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness.
Patents give subject signs and symptoms of pins and needles sensations, hand weakness,
pain with hand use, worsening pain at night, and tendency to drop items (Thomson, 2017).
Diagnosis is based on clinical history and findings, along with corroborating
electrodiagnostic studies (Lane, Starecki, Olson, & Kohn, 2014). The Phalen’s test, utilizing
positional responses, and Tinel’s test, utilizing response to tapping, are most commonly
used in the clinical settings to indicate CTS (Ibrahim, Khan, Goddard, & Smitham, 2012).
When clinical history and clinical screening are not definitive, nerve conduction studies
(NCS) that test the median nerve conduction times, slowed in CTS (Ibrahim, et al., 2012).
Obesity and repetitive movement are significant risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome
(Ibrahim, et al., 2012). Clinical assessment of case 2, an obese female cosmetologist, may
indicate working with cosmetology tools causes prolonged or repetitive flexing of the wrist,
creating pressure on the median nerve, making CTS the primary diagnosis. 2. Cervical
Radiculopathy: is dysfunction of a cervical spine nerve roots, most commonly the seventh
and lesser of the sixth (Onks & Billy, 2013) Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment
Discussion Paper.ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HEREThe hallmark symptoms of
cervical radiculopathy is pain that spreads into the arm, neck, chest, upper back, and/or
shoulders. Additional symptoms include muscle weakness, numbness in hands, tingling in
hands, and lack of hand coordination. Factors associated with increased risk include heavy
manual labor requiring the lifting of more than 25 pounds, smoking, operating heavy
equipment, tumors of the spine, an expanding cervical synovial cyst, synovial
chondromatosis in the cervical facet joint, giant cell arteritis of the cervical radicular
vessels, spinal infections, ruptured disc, degenerative changes in bones, or injuries that put
pressure on the nerve roots. Diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy involves clinical history of
radiating pain, accidents, injuries, family history, and lifestyle. Physical examination
includes palpated cervical abnormalities, tenderness, strength test , sensation tests, reflex

4. tests, and head/neck range of motion. Spurling’s test during the physical exam will indicate
if compressing the cervical spine can reproduce or worsen radicular symptoms with a
positive test sufficient to begin non-surgical treatments. Additional imaging test if clinical
history and examination are inconclusive are X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and electromyography
(Onks & Billy, 2013). Clinical assessment of case 2, an obese female cosmetologist, may not
indicate the hallmark sign of radiating pain and may not include high impact cervical injury.
3. Brachial Plexus: is the network of nerves that sends signals from the spine to the
shoulder, arm, and hand (Tharin, Kini, York, & Ritter, 2014). A brachial plexus injury occurs
when these nerves are stretched, compressed, or in the most serious cases torn from the
spinal cord. Signs and symptoms are numbness, severe pain, weakness, inability to use
certain muscles in the upper extremity. Complete lack of upper extremity movement and
feeling may be present with a brachial plexus injury. Diagnosis includes history and physical
examination along with diagnostic testing to determine severity of Electromyography,
Nerve conduction studies, MRI, and CT myelography (Tharin et al., 2014). 4. Arthritis of the
wrist is inflammation in the joints with the most common as osteoarthritis, a condition in
which the cartilage protective cushioning between the joints wears thin (Day, Wu, & Smith,
2019). Hand or wrist arthritis symptoms may include swelling, tenderness, sharp pain,
stiffness, and difficulty gripping or pinching objects due to decreased strength and range of
motion. After age 45, more women than men are affected. Risk factors for arthritis include
obesity, repetitive stress to joints, and a woman over age 45. Diagnosis of arthritis includes
health assessment and physical examination including reduced range of motion, pain,
tenderness, joint instability, localized swelling, or remodeling of the joint. Further
diagnostics testing includes x-ray and blood test to determine between osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid (Day, Wu, & Smith, 2019). Clinical assessment of case 2, an obese female
cosmetologist, indicates nerve involvement of numbness and tingling not associated with
arthritis. 5. Lupus is an autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks self-tissues,
causing inflammation, swelling, pain, and damage (Fanouriakis & Bertsias, 2019). Lupus
symptoms are vague in nature and include fatigue, joint pain, fever, and a lupus butterfly
rash of the face. A lupus diagnosis involves medical history, symptoms, and antinuclear
antibody (ANA) testing (Fanouriakis & Bertsias, 2019). Clinical assessment of case 2, an
obese female cosmetologist, does not include the systemic and vague symptoms of lupus
Numbness and Pain Essay Assignment Discussion Paper