casestudy on all pollution

2. What is pollution:
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural
environment that cause adverse change.Pollution can take the form
of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.

4. Water
pollution
Air
pollution
Noise
pollution
Soil
pollution
Themal
pollution

5. River water pollution:
Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of water making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.
Pollution in the Ganga river:
The Ganges suffers from extreme pollution levels, which affect the 400 million
people who live close to the river.Sewage from many cities along the river's
course, industrial waste and religious offerings wrapped in non-degradable plastics
add large amounts of pollutants to the river as it flows through densely populated
areas. Varanasi, a city of one million people that many pilgrims visit to take a "holy dip" in
the Ganges, releases around 200 million litres of untreated human sewage into the river
each day.

6. Pollution in the Yamuna River:
In 1909 the waters of the Yamuna were distinguishable as "clear blue", as compared
to the silt-laden yellow of the Ganges.However, due to high density population
growth and rapid industrialization today Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in
the world, especially around New Delhi, the capital of India, which dumps about 58%
of its waste into the river.

7. Air pollution:
Air pollution consists of gaseous, liquid, or solid substances that, when present in
sufficient concentration, for a sufficient time, and under certain conditions, tend to
interfere with human comfort, health or welfare, and cause environmental damage.
Air pollution causes acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, and other such
phenomena.
Critical [PM10 > 90 μg/m3]
Guwahati, Patna, Raipur, Delhi, Faridabad, Dhanbad, Nagpur,Bhopal, Indore,
Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Jaipur, Howrah, Kolkata.
High [PM10 61 - 90 μg/m3]
Hyderabad, Chandigarh, Ahmedabad, Panjim, Shimla, Bangalore,
Mumbai, Pune, Bhubanshwar.
Moderate [PM10 31 - 60 μg/m3]
Kochi, Shillong, Chennai.
Low [PM10 up to 30 μg/m3]
Aizwal.

8. Increases prevalence of upper respiratory
symptoms
Air pollution adversely affects lung function

9. Air pollution can also occur by vechicals by producing carbon monoxide(co).
The average trip speed on many Indian city roads is less than 20 kilometers per
hour; a 10 kilometer trip can take 30 minutes, or more. At such speeds, vehicles
in India emit air pollutants 4 to 8 times more than they would with less traffic
congestion
In cities like Bangalore, around 50% of children suffer from asthma

10. Noise Pollution:
Noise is a prominent feature of the environment including noise from transport, industry
and neighbourhood. An important part of noise assessment is the actual measurement of
the noise levels. Continuous Leq measurement during day time (10.00–18.00 hr) was
carried out in residential areas. The results show that the noise pollution at the places of
measurements is wide spread throughout most of the time. The noise in this area is
composite in nature. Public participation, education, traffic management, and structural
design play a major role in noise management. The results show that the noise pollution
at the places of measurements is wide spread throughout most of the time. The noise in
this area is composite in nature.
The perception of sounds in day-to-day life is of major importance for human well-being.
Communication through speech, sounds from playing children, music, natural sounds in
parklands, parks and gardens are all examples of sounds essential for satisfaction in
everyday life.

11. Study Area:
The selected for study purpose lies within Chennai Corporation under Sholinganallur
constituency. The corridor is fully developed with IT companies, change in land use,
clustered developmental works related to residential zones and 3 industrial estates.
The sampling locations were toll plaza at Perungudi and an intersection namely SPR
tools.
Equipment:
An important part of noise assessment is the actual measurement of the noise levels.
The ‘A’ weighted network was used as it corresponds very closely to a person’s hearing
sensitivity. The noise level at two locations were measured with the help of HTC make
Sound Level Meter (3241 – c type II data logger) on a digital display type. The noise
levels were recorded from morning 10.00AM to 18.00PM at an interval of 10 s from
Monday through Saturday at both locations.

12. PARAMETERS CALCULATED FROM PRIMARY SURVEY:
The following noise parameters such as Noise equivalent level, noise pollution level and noise index were calculated. These are
presented in figure
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
d
e
c
i
b
e
l
l
e
v
e
l
TOLL PLAZA Leq
SRP TOOLS Leq
CPCB LCPCB

13. Sl. No ZONE
NOISE LEVEL IN dBA
DAY TIME NIGHT TIME
1 INDUSTRIAL 75 70
2 COMMERCIAL 65 55
3 RESIDENTIAL 55 45
4 SILENCE 50 40
City name Silent zone Residential zone Commercial zone Industrial zone
Vishakapatnam8 43.0-60 45-77 70-90
Ambur9 47.2-80.4 30.6-83.6 40-96.4
Lucknow10 67.7-78.9 74.8-84.2
Burdwan11 60-90 69-110
Melmaruvathur12 36.5-92.6 51.4-102.4 42.6-102.4 40.2-99.2
Bolpur- Santiniketan14 20.5-78.5 25-80.5 42-98
Gwalior15 45.5-69.3 51.7-77.2 64.5-119.2
Dehradun17 55.6-104.8 55.3-107.6 59.6-118.2 74.8-104.3
Mangalore18 43.2-97.2 50.6-97 56-99 51-91.80
OMR19 44- 105
Permissible noise levels
Comparison of noise levels with other studies in
India
Road traffic is a major source of noise in urban areas with far-reaching and wide ranging effects to human.
India as a developing country, traffic noise pollution occurs seriously in its urban and suburban areas.

14. Soil pollution:
Soil is the upper layer of the earth crust which is formed by weathering of rocks.
Organic matter in the soil makes it suitable for living organisms.Dumping of various types
of materials especially domestic and industrial wastes causes soil pollution. Domestic
wastes include garbage,rubbish material like glass, plastics, metallic cans, paper, fibres,
cloth rags, containers, paints, varnishes etc. Leachates from dumping sites and sewage
tanks are harmful and toxic, which pollute the soil.Industrial wastes are the effluents
discharged from chemical industries, paper and pulp mills, tanneries, textile mills, steel
industries,distilleries, refineries, pesticides and fertilizer industries, pharmaceutical
industries, food processing industries, cement industries, thermal and nuclear power
plants, mining industries etc.
Six years after Coca-Cola’s bottling plant shut down in India’s southern state of Kerala,
the company continues to face allegations claiming it caused the depletion of
groundwater and polluted the water resources.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, Kerala, India:

15. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, Kerala, India:
"In Kerala, where ground water levels have certainly decreased, the rainfall has been
well below average for several years," the company says. "The Kerala State Ground
Water Department has said that any depletion in ground water was due to poor rainfall
and could not be attributed to the plant." But community leaders argue that Plachimada
is situated in the heart of Kerala's water belt and once had large underground water
deposits that Coca-Cola has drained.Demanding that the state government also charge
Coca-Cola with criminal offenses. The campaign against Coca-Cola in Plachimada has
also enjoyed tremendous international support, with colleges and universities in the US,
UK, Canada and Norway taking action against Coca-Cola.
Control of Soil Pollution:
(i) Effluents should be properly treated before discharging them on the soil.
(ii) Solid wastes should be properly collected and disposed off by appropriate method.
(iii) From the wastes, recovery of useful products should be done.

16. Thermal pollution:
Thermal pollution can be defined as presence of waste heat in the water which can
cause undesirable changes in the natural environment.
The Bentley Manufacturing Company:
The Bentley Manufacturing Corporation maintains a small scrap metal processing plant
located on the bank of the Loop River Power Canal. The canal was built 65 years ago to
provide water for a hydroelectric power plant, which provides electricity for the
region.The Loop River Canal draws water from the Loop River several miles up stream
from the Bentley plant. The power plant is three miles below the Bentley plant just below
a small storage lake.Over the years the canal has become an important freshwater
estuary. Several species of catfish, perch, bluegill, and freshwater drum inhabit the
canal. It has been a popular area for sport fishermen. A variety of ducks live in the
marshes and seepage ponds that are found next to the canal.The Bentley Processing
Plant was began operations seven years ago. Its operations have grown over the years
and its demands for water have increased substantially. The company has been very
profitable and has also been a good neighbor in the community.But all is not well for the
company. Biologists have reported a steady decline in the fish population in the canal.

17. Many observers have blamed the discharge of hot water from the Bentley plant for the
problem. Bentley is equally concerned because it would like to expand its operations, but
will not be able to do so until the problem is resolved. Many people have maintained that
the demise of the fish population in the Loop Canal is the result of Bentley's thermal
pollution of the water. Bentley's management feels that the declining fish populations are
due to increased concentrations of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals, which
drain into the canal.Because Bentley would like to expand its facilities to meet increasing
business and it faces a potential challenge from the State Department of Fisheries as
well as the community

18. Causes of thermal pollution:
Heat producing industries i.e.,thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, refineries,
steel mills etc.are the major sources of thermal pollution. Power plants utilize only 1/3 of
the energy provided by fossil fuels for their operations. Remaining 2/3 is generally lost in
the form of heat to the water used for cooling.Cold water, generally, is drawn from some
nearby water-body, passed through the plant and returned to the same water body, with
temperature 10-16°C higher than the initial temperature. Excess of heat reaching such
water bodies causes thermal pollution of water
Effects of Thermal Pollution:
(i) The dissolved oxygen content of water is decreased as the solubility of oxygen in
water is decreased at high temperature.
(ii) High temperature becomes a barrier for oxygen penetration into deep cold waters.
(iii) Toxicity of pesticides, detergents and chemicals in the effluents increases with increase in
temperature.