this will take you through the journey of journey of US stock market Thorley

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Index
Sr.
No.
Particulars Pg.
NO.
1 Acknowledgement 3
2 Executive summary 3
3 What is stock market 4
4 Origin of stock market in world 5
5 Origin of stock exchanges in US 6
6 Major stock exchanges in US 7
7 Additional stock exchanges in US 8
8 Indices in US stock market 8
9 The S&P 500 index 9
10 The Dow Jones industrial average index 10
11 The NASDAQ composite index 14
12 The Wilshire 5000 index 16
13 New York stock exchange (NYSE) 17
14 List of companies listed on NYSE 18
15 Indices on NYSE 19
16 Time line NYSE 20
17 National Association of Securities Dealers Automated
Quotations (NASDAQ) stock exchange
21
18 List of companies listed on NASDAQ 23
19 Equity Indices in NASDAQ 24
20 US stock market crashes 25
21 Wall street crash 1929 25
22 Recession of 1937-38 26
23 Kennedy slide 1962 26
24 1987 Black Monday 27
25 2000 Dot com bubble 27
26 August 2011 stock market fall 28
27 2020 coronavirus stock market crash 29
28 Regulator of US stock market 30
29 Conclusion 34

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher prof.
oberoi who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic US stock market, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research
and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to
them.
Executive summary
This project will take you deep into the (US) Unites States stock
market. You will get to know about what stock market is and how
stock market originate in the whole world and how stock market
started in United States.
It will take you deep into the major stock exchanges of US that is
NYSE and NASDAQ and what companies are listed on that stock
exchanges.
Then further you will get to know about what are the indices in the
US stock market, which companies re included in it.
It will then take you through the journey of big crashes in US stock
market. You will get to know who regulates US stock market
At last I have added a video of a youtuber that will give you some
extra knowledge and will reveal amazing facts about US stock market
Hope you all will enjoy reading this project and atlast will get learn
something new

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What is Stock market?
A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of
buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent
ownership claims on businesses
These may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as
well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private
companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding
platforms.
Stocks of are traded on different stock exchanges. Investment in the
stock market is most often done via stockbrokerages and electronic
trading platforms.
Stock market is a way to earn lot of money but to earn that much
money one needs very sharp mind and should know when to buy
and when to sell the stocks of particular company

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Origin of stock market in world
It was not until 1531 when the
first institution roughly
approximating a stock market
emerged, in Antwerp,
Belgium. However, rather
than buying and selling shares
of companies (which did not
yet exist), brokers and lenders
congregated there to “deal in
business, government, and
even individual debt issues.”
This changed in the 1600s when Britain, France, and the Netherlands
all chartered voyages to the East Indies. Realizing that few explorers
could afford conducting an overseas trade voyage, limited liability
companies (or LLC’s) were formed to raise money from investors,
who received a share of profits commensurate with their
investment.
This form of business organization was also necessitated by risk
management. The earliest British voyages to the Indian Ocean were
unsuccessful, resulting in lost ships and the financier’s personal
fortunes being seized by creditors. This led a group of London
merchants to form a corporation in September of 1599, which would
limit each member’s liability to the amount they personally invested.
If the voyage failed, nothing more than this amount could be lawfully
seized.
The Dutch East India company was actually the first to allow outside
investors to purchase shares, entitling them to a fixed percentage of
the company’s profits. They were also the first company to issue
stocks and bonds to the general public, doing so via the Amsterdam
Stock Exchange in 1602.

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Today we will learn about (United States) US
stock market
Origin of stock exchanges in US
The first stock exchange in the United States was the Philadelphia
Stock Exchange, founded in 1790.
Soon after, however, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) followed,
and quickly rose to prominence.
It began in New York City in 1792, just two years after the founding
of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. A group of 24 investors got
together in New York on Wall Street. They met under a buttonwood
tree and signed the famous Buttonwood Agreement, starting the
NYSE. It began with just 5 securities (individual stocks), but rapidly
grew as commerce in New York began to expand.
The US stock market comprise of other several stock exchanges like
American stock exchange (AMEX) other smaller regional exchanges
are located in Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco and Los
Angles

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The stock market timing in US is 9:30am to 4:00pm
Major Stock Exchanges in the U.S.
The two major U.S. financial securities markets are the New York
Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
The NYSE is a stock exchange based in New York, founded in 1790. In
April 2007, the New York Stock Exchange merged with a European
stock exchange known as Euronext to form what is currently NYSE
Euronext.
NYSE Euronext also owns NYSE Arca (formerly the Pacific Exchange).
In order to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange, a company
must have upwards of $4 million in shareholder's equity. Locals and
visitors can also see the exchange's building on Wall Street in New
York City--although more than 80% of trading is now done
electronically.
The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) was also a popular New York-
based stock exchange, which was acquired in 2008. Unlike the
Nasdaq and NYSE, AMEX focused on exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
National Association of Securities Dealers
Automated Quotation System (Nasdaq)
Unlike AMEX, the Nasdaq is the largest electronic screen-based
market. Created by the National Association of Securities Dealers
(NASD) in 1971, it is popular because of its computerized system and
relatively modern, as compared to the New York Stock Exchange. It
currently offers lower listing fees than NYSE and includes some of the
largest companies, such as technology giants Apple, Google, Amazon,
and Microsoft.

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Additional Exchanges in the United States
Some other smaller exchanges exist based on the city they are
located in.
• Boston Stock Exchange (BSE) - made up of the Boston Equities
Exchange (BEX) and the Boston Options Exchange (BOX) and
was acquired by Nasdaq in 2007
• Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE)
• Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) - owned run by CME Group Inc.
• Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) - owned and controlled by
CME Group Inc.
• Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX)
• International Securities Exchange (ISE) - includes ISE Options
Exchange and the ISE Stock Exchange
• Miami Stock Exchange (MS4X)
• National Stock Exchange (NSX)
• Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX)
Indices in US stock market
Stock market indexes around the world are powerful indicators
for global and country-specific economies. In the United States
the S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and Nasdaq
Composite are the three most broadly followed indexes by
both the media and investors.
In addition to these three indexes, there are approximately
5,000 others that make up the U.S. equity market.
Overall, an understanding of how market indexes are
constructed and utilized can help to add meaning and clarity for
a wide variety of investing avenues.

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Below, we elaborate on the three most followed U.S. indexes,
the Wilshire 5000 which includes all the stocks across the entire
U.S. stock market, and a roundup of some of the other most
notable indexes.
The S&P 500
The Standard & Poor's 500 Index
(known commonly as the S&P 500)
is an index with 500 of the top
companies in the U.S. Stocks are
chosen for the index primarily by
capitalization but the constituent
committee also considers other factors including liquidity,
public float, sector classification, financial viability, and trading
history.
The S&P 500 Index represents approximately 80% of the total
value of the U.S. stock market. In general, the S&P 500 Index
gives a good indication of movement in the U.S. market as a
whole.
Indexes are usually market-weighted or price-weighted. The
S&P 500 Index is a market-weighted index (also referred to as
capitalization-weighted).
Therefore, every stock in the index is represented in proportion
to its total market capitalization. In other words, if the total
market value of all 500 companies in the S&P 500 drops by
10%, the value of the index also drops by 10%.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
• The S&P 500 Index features 500 leading U.S. publicly
traded companies, with a primary emphasis on market
capitalization.
• The S&P is a float-weighted index, meaning the market
capitalizations of the companies in the index are adjusted
by the number of shares available for public trading.

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• Because of its depth and diversity, the S&P 500 is widely
considered one of the best gauges of large U.S. stocks,
and even the entire equities market.
• You can't directly invest in the S&P 500 because it's an
index, but you can invest in one of the many funds that
use it as a benchmark, tracking its composition and
performance.
The below link will show you the list of companies in S&P
500 index
S&P 500 Companies - S&P 500 Index Components by
Market Cap (slickcharts.com)
The Dow Jones
Industrial Average
(DJIA)
It includes the stocks of 30 of
the largest and most
influential companies in the
United States.
The DJIA is a price-weighted index. It was originally
computed by totalling the per-share price of the stocks of
each company in the index and dividing this sum by the
number of companies. Unfortunately, the index is no
longer this simple to calculate. Over the years, stock
splits, spin-offs, and other events have resulted in
changes in the divisor (a numerical value computed by
Dow Jones used to calculate the level of the DJIA) making
it a very small number (less than 0.2).
The DJIA represents about a quarter of the value of the
entire U.S. stock market, but a percent change in the Dow
should not be interpreted as a definite indication that the

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entire market has dropped by the same percent. This is
because of the Dow's price-weighted function. The basic
problem is that a $1 change in the price of a $120 stock in
the index will have a greater effect on the DJIA than a $1
change in the price of a $20 stock, although the higher-
priced stock may have changed by only 0.8% and the
other by 5%.
In general, the Dow is known for its listing of the U.S.
markets best blue-chip companies with regularly
consistent dividends. So while not necessarily a
representation of the broad market, it can be a
representation of the blue-chip, dividend-value market.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
• The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a widely-
watched benchmark index in the U.S. for blue-chip stocks.
• The DJIA is a price-weighted index that tracks 30 large,
publicly-owned companies trading on the New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq.
• The index was created by Charles Dow in 1896 to serve as
a proxy for the broader U.S. economy.

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The table below alphabetically lists the companies included in the
DJIA as of January 2022:

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The Nasdaq Composite
Index
1971 The year the Nasdaq Composite
Index was launched. It had an initial
value of 100.
Today the NASDAQ Composite
includes over 2,500 companies
Most investors know that the Nasdaq
is the exchange on which technology
stocks are traded. The Nasdaq
Composite Index is a market-capitalization-weighted index of
all the stocks traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange.
Known for being heavily tech weighted, this index includes
several subsectors across the tech market including software,
biotech, semiconductors, and more. Although this index is
known for its large portion of technology stocks, it does include
some securities from other industries as well.
The Nasdaq Composite Index is one of the most widely-
watched indexes in the world and is often seen as a stand-in for
the technology sector, due to its heavy weighting in tech
companies.
Nasdaq Composite Composition
As of Jan. 4, 2022, the industry weights of the Nasdaq
Composite Index's individual securities are, in descending
order:
• technology at 51.64%
• consumer services at 15.99%
• consumer goods at 8.57%
• health care at 8.15%
• financials at 7.56%
• industrials at 5.57%,

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• oil and gas at 0.77%
• utilities at 0.67%
• telecommunications at 0.66%
• basic materials at 0.42%
KEY TAKEAWAYS
• The Nasdaq Composite Index is a large market-cap-
weighted index of more than 3,000 stocks, American
depositary receipts (ADRs), and real estate investment
trusts (REITs), among others.1
• The index is calculated constantly throughout the trading
day with the final value reported at 4:16 p.m. daily once
prices have fully settled after the 4:00 p.m. ET market
close.
• The Index's composition is nearly 50% technology, with
consumer services, health care and financials the next
most prominent industries.
The below link shows list of the companies in NASDAQ
composite
NASDAQ Composite Index Components - Investing.com India

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The Wilshire 5000
(TMWX)
The Wilshire 5000 is
sometimes called the "total
stock market index" or "total
market index" because it
includes all of the publicly
traded companies with headquarters in the United States that
have readily available price data. Finalized in 1974, this index
represents the entire U.S. stock market and its movement
aggregately. Although it is a very comprehensive measure of
the entire U.S. market, the Wilshire 5000 is referred to less
often than the more popular S&P 500 Index.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
• The Wilshire 5000 Total Market Index is the broadest
stock market index of publicly traded American
corporations.
• It is often used as a benchmark for the entirety of the U.S.
stock market and is widely regarded as the best single
measure of the overall U.S. equity market.
• The Wilshire 5000 actually contains around 3,500 stocks
but did hold 5,000 when it was first introduced in 1974.

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Let’s get deep into the New York stock exchange
(NYSE)
The New York Stock
Exchange (NYSE,
nicknamed "The Big
Board") is an American
stock exchange in the
Financial District of
Lower Manhattan in
New York City. It is by
far the world's largest
stock exchange by
market capitalization of
its listed companies at
US$30.1 trillion as of
February 2018.The
average daily trading
value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE
trading floor is at the New York Stock Exchange Building on 11
Wall Street.
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is the leading stock
exchange in the world. The exchange trades stocks for some
2,800 companies, ranging from blue chips to new high-growth
companies.

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List of companies listed on New York stock exchange

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Indices on New York Stock exchange

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Timeline
• In 1817, the constitution of the New York Stock and
Exchange Board is adopted. It had also been established
by the New York brokers as a formal organization.
• In 1863, the name changed to the New York Stock
Exchange.
• In 1896, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is first
published in The Wall Street Journal.
• In 1909, trading in bonds begins.
• In 1923, Poor's Publishing introduced their "Composite
Index", today referred to as the S&P 500, which tracked a
small number of companies on the NYSE.
• In 1938, NYSE names its first president.
• In 1966, NYSE begins a composite index of all listed
common stocks. This is referred to as the "Common Stock
Index" and is transmitted daily. The starting point of the
index is 50. It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index
• In 1971, NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not-for-
Profit organization.
• In 1971, the NASDAQ was founded and competes with the
NYSE as the world's first electronic stock market.
• In 1977, foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE.
• In 2007, NYSE announces its merger with the American
Stock Exchange.

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Lets jump in the NASDAQ stock exchange
The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange
based in New York City.
It is ranked second on the list of stock exchanges by
market capitalization of shares traded, behind the New
York Stock Exchange
The exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which
also owns the Nasdaq Nordic stock market network and
several U.S.based stock and options exchanges.
"Nasdaq" was initially an acronym for the National
Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.
It was founded in 1971 by the National Association of
Securities Dealers (NASD), now known as the Financial
Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).

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On February 8, 1971, the Nasdaq stock market began
operations as the world's first electronic stock market.
At first, it was merely a "quotation system" and did not
provide a way to perform electronic trades.
The NASDAQ Stock Market eventually assumed the
majority of major trades that had been executed by the
over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading, but there are
still many securities traded in this fashion.
As late as 1987, the Nasdaq exchange was still commonly
referred to as "OTC" in media reports and also in the
monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures)
issued by Standard & Poor's Corporation.
Over the years, it became more of a stock market by
adding trade and volume reporting and automated
trading systems.
In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London
Stock Exchange to form
the first
intercontinental
linkage of capital
markets.
In 1998, it became the
first stock market in
the United States to
trade online, using the
slogan "the stock
market for the next hundred years".

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List of companies listed on NASDAQ stock exchange

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Equity indices in NASDAQ exchange
1. The Nasdaq Composite Index – Better known as ‘The Nasdaq’
by the media, covers more than 2,500 stocks, all of which are
listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market®.
2. Nasdaq-100 (NDX) – NDX includes 100 of the largest domestic
and international non-financial securities listed on The Nasdaq
Stock Market based on market capitalization. With more than
7,000 products linked to this index globally, NDX offers
investors and managers around the world exposure to
companies like Apple, Google, Microsoft, Starbucks and more.
3. OMX Stockholm 30 Index (OMXS30) – OMXS30 consists of the
30 most actively traded stocks on the Stockholm Stock
Exchange.
4. PHLX Semiconductor (SOX) – Tracks companies primarily
involved in the design, distribution, manufacture and sale of
semiconductors.
5. Nasdaq Global Equity Index (NQGI) - Tracks the performance
of global equities covering over 98% of the entire listed market
capitalization of the global equity space

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US stock market crashes
Let’s get deep into some important and big crashes
➢ Wall street crash 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929,
also known as the Great Crash,
was a major American stock
market crash that occurred in the
autumn of 1929. It started in
September and ended late in
October, when share prices on
the New York Stock Exchange
collapsed.
It was the most devastating stock
market crash in the history of the
United States, when taking into
consideration the full extent and
duration of its aftereffects.
The Great Crash is mostly
associated with October 24, 1929, called Black Thursday, the

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day of the largest sell-off of shares in U.S. history, and October
29, 1929, called Black Tuesday, when investors traded some 16
million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day.
The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash
of September, signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.
➢ Recession of 1937-38
The 1937 recession occurred during the recovery from the
Great Depression. The possible causes of that recession were a
contraction in the money supply caused by Federal Reserve and
Treasury Department policies and contractionary fiscal policies.
➢ Kennedy slide of 1962
The Kennedy Slide of 1962, also known as the Flash Crash of
1962, is the term given to the stock market decline from
December 1961 to June 1962 during the Presidential term of
John F. Kennedy. After the market experienced decades of
growth since the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the stock market
peaked during the end of 1961 and plummeted during the first

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half of 1962. During this period, the S&P 500 declined 22.5%,
and the stock market did not experience a stable recovery until
after the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Dow Jones
Industrial Average fell 5.7%, down 34.95, the second-largest
point decline then on record.
During the time of the Kennedy Slide, the head of the American
Stock Exchange, Edwin Posner, explained to reporters that "this
definitely is not panic selling". Instead, he attributed the drop
in stock prices as an adjustment from the previous 10 years of
increases. With this drop, Posner believed that stocks were
reaching their realistic levels.
➢ 1987 Black Monday
The "Black Monday" stock
market crash of Oct. 19,
1987, saw U.S. markets fall
more than 20% in a single
day.
It is thought that the cause
of the crash was
precipitated by computer
program-driven trading
models that followed a
portfolio insurance strategy
as well as investor panic.
➢ 2000 dot com bubble
• The dotcom bubble was a rapid rise in U.S. technology
stock equity valuations fueled by investments in Internet-
based companies in the late 1990s.

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• The value of equity markets grew exponentially during the
dotcom bubble, with the Nasdaq rising from under 1,000
to more than 5,000 between 1995 and 2000.
• Equities entered a bear market after the bubble burst in
2001.
• The Nasdaq, which rose five-fold between 1995 and 2000,
saw an almost 77% drop, resulting in a loss of billions of
dollars.
• The bubble also caused several Internet companies to go
bust
➢ August 2011 stock market fall
The August 2011 stock markets fall was the sharp drop in stock
prices in August 2011 in stock exchanges across the United
States, Middle East, Europe and Asia. This was due to fears of
contagion of the European sovereign debt crisis to Spain and
NASDAQ composite during dot com bubble 2000-2001

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Italy, as well as concerns over France's current AAA rating,
concerns over the slow economic growth of the United States
and its credit rating being downgraded. Severe volatility of
stock market indexes continued for the rest of the year.
Standard & Poor's downgraded America's credit rating from
AAA to AA+ on 6 August 2011 for the first time. The US had a
AAA rating since 1941. Standard and Poor's said that it could go
down further than AA+, with Moody's also warning of a
potential downgrade of the government's credit rating.
the S&P 500 lost 79.92 points (6.7%) to 1,119.46 points with all
500 stocks and ten industry groups falling, with the Dow Jones
Industrial Average dropping 634.76 points (5.6%) to 10,809.56
points and the NASDAQ Composite falling 174.72 points (6.9%)
to 2,357.69 points, contributing to an approximate US$2.5
trillion erased from global equity value; a total of US$7.8 trillion
since 26 July.
➢ 2020 coronavirus stock market crash
The 2020 stock market crash began just as the World Health
Organization moved to declare COVID-19 an official pandemic.
The Dow Jones’ fall of nearly 3,000 points on March 16, 2020,
was the largest single-day drop in U.S. stock market history to
date. In terms of percentage, it was the third-worst drop in U.S.
history.

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Regulator of US stock market
US stock market is the most liquid and largest stock market in
the world which have big big companies listed in it hence,
obviously there will be need of a regulator so, who regulates
the US stock market? The answer is
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• The Securities And Exchange
Commission (SEC) was
created in 1934 to help
restore investor
confidence in the
wake of the 1929
stock market crash.
• The SEC's primary
function is to
oversee
organizations and
individuals in the
securities markets,
including securities exchanges,
brokerage firms, dealers, investment advisors, and
investment funds. Through established securities rules
and regulations, the SEC promotes disclosure and sharing
of market-related information, fair dealing, and
protection against fraud. It provides investors with access
to registration statements, periodic financial reports, and
other securities forms through its electronic data-
gathering, analysis, and retrieval database, known as
EDGAR.

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• The SEC is headed by five commissioners who are
appointed by the president, one of whom is designated as
chair. Each commissioner's term lasts five years, but they
may serve for an additional 18 months until a
replacement is found. The current SEC chair is Gary
Gensler, who took office on April 17, 2021.
• To promote nonpartisanship, the law requires that no
more than three of the five commissioners come from the
same political party.
• The SEC consists of five divisions and 24 offices. Their
goals are to interpret and take enforcement actions on
securities laws, issue new rules, provide oversight of
securities institutions, and coordinate regulation among
different levels of government.
Conclusion
Today the SEC brings numerous civil enforcement actions
against firms and individuals that violate securities laws every
year. It is involved in every major case of financial misconduct,
either directly or in conjunction with the Justice Department.
Typical offenses prosecuted by the SEC include accounting
fraud, the dissemination of misleading or false information, and
insider trading.
After the Great Recession of 2008, the SEC was instrumental in
prosecuting the financial institutions that caused the crisis and
returning billions of dollars to investors. In total, it charged 204
entities or individuals and collected close to $4 billion in
penalties, disgorgement, and other monetary relief. Goldman
Sachs, for example, paid $550 million, the largest penalty ever
for a Wall Street firm and the second-largest in SEC history,
exceeded only by the $750 million paid by WorldCom.

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Still, many observers have criticized the SEC for not doing
enough to help prosecute the brokers and senior managers
who were involved in the crisis, almost all of whom were never
found guilty of significant wrongdoing. So far, only one Wall
Street executive has been jailed for crimes related to the crisis.
The rest either settled for a monetary penalty or accepted
administrative punishments.

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Let’s see a video that will give you more
knowledge of US stock market and will reveal
some amazing facts of US stock market that
some of you were even don’t know about

34. Page | 34
Conclusion
We came to know that NYSE was second stock exchange started in 1972
US stock market ranks 1st
in whole world, as per the market capitalization
NYSE and NASDAQ stock exchanges are in the lead. We come to know
that many big named companies are listed in US stock market
We learnt about the different indices in US stock market like S&P 500,
DJIA, NASDAQ composite, TMWX but out of the NASDAQ composite
and DJIA are the most famous one and people tracks these index even
today also because companies like apple, amazon, google, Alibaba group
are included in this. We came to know that NASDAQ composite contains
mostly technology stocks i.e. 51.64%
We discovered that the famous stock exchange NYSE was also called as
“The Big Board” as its nickname. WE found that NASDAQ was the first
electronic stock exchange
We got on to the big crashes of US stock market like wall street crash 1929,
kennedy slide, 1987 black Monday, dot com bubble etc. We perceived the
SEC (Security Exchange Commission) is the institution that regulates the
US stock market and in the end we grabbed amazing facts to US stock
market like we can buy shares in fractions etc.

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This to certify that, Mr. Aum Rathod
of SYBFM (2021-22) has successfully
completed project
On
United States stock market
Under the guidance of prof. Oberoi
(Signature of subject professor)