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I
Preface
This book is designed facilitate the study of advanced
English, using only in English as mediums. It offers explanations
about English grammatical structure, and practicing skills
included the four skills of learning such as listening, speaking,
reading, writing, which emphasized on reading, writing, and
comprehension sentences forms that have vocabularies, and
sentences structures related with document in using for studies.
The book is also serving as a handbook for teachers who want to
teach grammatical structure of English in advanced. The author
feels very proud that the University especially Academic Service
Center: Faculty of Society Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya
University of Wat Rai Khing has published the book, giving him
another chance to serve the University and its executive board and
the leadership of the most venerable rector.
(PhramahaYotaChaiworamankul)
Academic Service Center: Faculty of Society
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
Wat Rai Khing,Samphran,Nakornpathom
Thailand 1/11/ 2013
II
List of Abbreviations
A.D. Anno Domoni (Christian Year)
e.g. Exempli Gratia
EU Europe
Cpt Chapter
Comp Compendium of Philosophy
EB Encyclopaedia of English Language
ed. edited
ESL English as a Second Language
etc. et cetera/ and others
Ibid ibiden/ in the same book
i.e. that is to say
IT. International Technology
PR Personal Reception
MCU Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya
n. Noun
Op.cit opera citato/ as referred
III
p(p). page(s)
pl. plural
Sing. Singular
tr. translated
vol(s) volume(s)
SCANS Secretary's Commission on Achieving
Necessary Skills
US United State of America
IV
Course Syllabus
Advanced English
Academic Service Center: Faculty of Social Science Wat
Rai Khing, Royal Temple, Samphran, Nakhonpathom
1. Code of Subject 000117, Credit Numbers 2(2-0-4)
Subject Advanced English
2. Credit Numbers 2(2-0-4
3. Curriculum Bachelor of Arts Program In
Buddhist Management
Section of Subject General Education
4. Instructor
PhramahaYotaPayutto (Chaiworamankul)
5. Academic Year/ Year
The 2nd
Semester/2013, the 1st
Year
6. Pre-requisite
000 116 Basic English
7.Co-requisites No
8. Educational Institution
V
Academic Service Center: Faculty of Social Science Wat
Rai Khing, Royal Temple, Samphran District,
Nakhonpathom
9. Latest Revision of Course Syllabus
5 November 2013
10.Teaching Planning
week Topics/details Hours Learning
Activities(ถ้ามี)
Instructor
1 1. Pre-test
2. Introduction to
Course Syllabus
2.1Course Syllabus
Description
2.2Course
Objectives
2.3 Learning
Activities
2 Explaining &
Example,
Slides, Power
Point
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
VI
week Topics/details Hours Learning
Activities(ถ้ามี)
Instructor
2.4 Evaluate
Methodology
2.5Assignment
2.6 Class
Attention
2 Sentence Structure 4 Lecture
Illustration
Work sheet,
Assignments
Slides, Power
Point
3 Punctuation in
English
2 Lecture
Illustration
Work sheet,
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
VII
week Topics/details Hours Learning
Activities(ถ้ามี)
Instructor
Assignments,
Slides, Power
Point
4-5 Clauses and
Sentence Structure
4 Lecture
Illustration,
Work sheet,
Assignments,
Slides,
Power Point
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
6-7 Expansion of
Phrases to Clauses
4 Lecture
Illustration,
Work sheet,
Assignments,
Slides,
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
VIII
week Topics/details Hours Learning
Activities(ถ้ามี)
Instructor
Power Point
8 Midterm Exam 2 PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
9-10 Reduction of
Clauses to Phrases
4 Lecture
Illustration,
Work sheet,
Assignments,
Slides,
Power Point
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
11-
12
Writing Essays and
Summaries
4 Lecture
Illustration
Work sheet,
Assignments,
Slides,
Power Point
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
IX
week Topics/details Hours Learning
Activities(ถ้ามี)
Instructor
13 Practicing Basic
Listening
and
Speaking
Proficiency
2 Lecture
Illustration,
Work sheet,
Vedio Clips,
Power Point
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
14 Practicing
ReadingProfi
ciency
2 Lecture
Illustration,
Work sheet,
Vedio Clips,
Power Point
Projector
PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
15 Conclusion 2 PhramahaYota
Chaiworamankul
16 Final Exam 2
11.Planning Evaluations of Learning Score
X
Num
ber
Evaluate Methodology
Week of
Evaluatio
n
Evaluation
Percentage
1
Midterm Exam
Final Exam
8
15
20%
50%
2 Presentation & Assignment
Whole
Semester
20%
3
Class Attention &
Participation
Whole
Semester
10%
12.Resources of Learning
1. Main Document
PhramahaYotaPayutto(Chaiworamankul) Advanced English.
Nakhornpathom : MCU. Rai Khing Printing. 2013
2.Important Documentary
3. Documentaries Descriptions and Suggested Readings
Documentaries Descriptions and Suggested Readings 000117
Advanced English
Bryant, Margaret (1945). A functional English grammar. D.C.
Heath and company.
XI
Carter Ronald, McCarthy, Michael (2006). Cambridge
Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide, Cambridge
University Press.
Cobbett, William (2003, originally 1818). A Grammar of the
English Language (Oxford Language Classics), Oxford University
Press.
Fries Charles, Carpenter. (1952). The structure of English; an
introduction to the construction of English sentences. New York:
Harcourt, Brace.
Greenbaum, Sidney (1996). Oxford English Grammar,
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Greenbaum, Sidney (1990). A Student's Grammar of the
English Language. Addison Wesley Publishing Company
Halliday M. A. K; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (revised
by) (2004).An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. edition.
London: Hodder Arnold.
Huddleston, Rodney D. (1984) Introduction to the grammar
of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney D. (1988) English grammar: An outline.
XII
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K., eds (2002).
The Cambridge grammar of the English language.Cambridge
University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005).A
student's introduction to English grammar.Cambridge University
Press.
Jespersen, Otto. (1909–1949). A modern English grammar on
historical principles (Vols. 1-7). Heidelberg: C. Winter.
Schibsbye, Knud (1970). A Modern English Grammar:
Second Edition. London: Oxford University Press.
Sledd, James. (1959) A short introduction to English
grammar Chicago: Scott, Foresman.
Strang, Barbara M. H. (1968) Modern English structure (2nd
ed.) London: Arnold.
Thomson, A. J. (Audrey Jean); Martinet, A. V. (Agnes V.)
(1986). A practical English grammar:Fourth Edition. Oxford
University Press.
The New Fowler's Modern English Usage edited by R.W.
XIII
Burchfield. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. 1996. Used with
the permission of Oxford University Press
Zandvoort, R. W. (1972) A handbook of English grammar
(2nd ed.) London: Longmans.
Contents
Page
Preface I
List of Abbreviations II
Course Syllabus IV
Contents XIV
Chapter 1 2
Background of the History of English Language 2
XIV
Phonemic 3
Morphemic 3
Syntactic 3
Semantic 3
Lexical 4
The Importance of English language 6
Conclusion 10
Exercise 11
Chapter 2 13
Sentence structure 13
Basic Sentence Structure 13
Sentence Structure 13
Subjects and Predicates 18
Subject 18
Predicate 19
Direct Object 19
Indirect Object 19
Subject Complement 20
XV
Summing Up Sentence Pattern 20
Basic Sentence Patterns 20
Tenses 21
Other 22
Conclusion 23
Exercise 24
Chapter 3 26
Sentence Patterns 26
Verb of Being Patterns 26
Linking Verb Pattern 26
Action Verb Pattern 27
The Ten Sentence Patterns 28
Conclusion 33
Exercise 34
Chapter 4 40
Elements of Sentence Structuring 40
Table Chart of Parts of Speech 40
Subject 42
Predicate 43
Phrases 44
Clauses 45
XVI
Independent Clauses and Dependent Clauses 46
Compounding Sentence Elements 46
Words 47
Phrases 47
Clauses 47
Avoiding Fragments 48
Avoiding Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 49
Error #1: The Comma Splice 49
Error #2: The Fused Sentence 50
Sentence Types and Punctuation 51
A Compound Sentence 52
A Complex Sentence 53
A Compound-Complex Sentence 53
Punctuation Patterns 54
Connectors—Compound and Complex 54
Sentences
A dependent (subordinate) Clause 54
may be introduced by:
Punctuations 55
Preposition 55
Conjunction 56
XVII
Transition 56
Review: Punctuation Marks 56
Apostrophe 57
Parentheses 59
Dash 59
Italics (underlining) 60
Quotation Marks 61
Quotation: 62
The Value of Punctuation 63
Table Chart of Punctuation Marks 64
English Tips 66
Conclusion 66
Exercise 68
Chapter 5 80
Expansion of Phrases to Clauses 80
What are Phrases and Clauses? 80
How Can We Identify Phrases and Clauses? 80
XVII
I
Five Basic Structures of Simple Sentences 83
Samples of Patterns Expanded with Clauses 85
and Phrases
Subject/Verb expanded with a dependent 85
relative clause and a prepositional phrase:
Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 85
participial phrase:
Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 85
dependent adverbial clause:
Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 86
dependent relative clause:
Subject/Verb/Object expanded with all of 86
the above:
A Guide to Phrases and Clauses 86
Phrases 86
Clauses 87
Conclusion 88
Exercise 90
Chapter 6 95
Sentence Pattern Transformations 95
XIX
Transform to Passive Voice 95
To Create the Transformation 96
Transform to the Expletive there is / there are 97
Transform to Cleft/Divide 98
Method 1 98
Method 2 100
Past Tense 100
Present Tense 101
Past Tense 101
Transform to Negative 101
To Create the Negative Transformation 101
Transform to Interrogative with yes-no Answer 103
Transform to Interrogative 104
Interrogative Words 104
Transform to Emphasis / Emphatic 106
Transform to Imperative 106
Transform to Exclamatory 107
Answer the Question Active and Passive 108
Conclusion 110
Exercise 110
Chapter 7 114
Clause and Sentence Structure 114
XX
The Simple Sentence 114
The Compound Sentence 115
Special Cases of Compound Sentences 117
Compound-Complex 117
The Complex Sentence 118
Terminology 120
English Learning Tip 122
Conclusion 122
Exercise 123
Chapter 8 128
Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 128
Time: Since, After, and Before 128
General Rules 129
Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 130
(continuous)
Time: While (during the same time) 130
XXI
Cause and Effect 131
Time + Cause & Effect: Upon -ing/ On –ing 132
Adverb clauses 132
Part 1: Adverb Clauses 132
1. Introduction 132
Time 133
Cause and effect 133
Opposition 133
Condition 133
2. Time relationships with adverb 133
Clauses
3. Cause and effect relationships 135
with adverb clauses
Because 135
Since 136
Now that 136
As 136
XXII
As/so long as 136
In as much as (very formal) 137
Part 2: Other ways of showing cause 137
and effect relationships
1. Such … that and so … that 137
Using “In order to” 138
Using: So …that 139
Using: “because of” and “due to” 141
Using “therefore” 142
Part 3: Reduction of Adverb Clauses 143
to Modifying Phrases
1. Changing time clauses to 143
modifying phrases
Adverb clause 143
Modifying phrase 143
XXII
I
2. Expressing the idea of 144
“During the same time” in
Modifying phrases:
3. Expressing cause and effect 145
relationships in Modifying
phrases
Conclusion 146
Exercise 149
Chapter 9 153
The Four Skills of English Language 153
Introduction 153
Module Group 154
English Tip 155
Listening Skills 156
XXI
V
Why You Need Good Listening Skills 156
How to Listen Well 157
Barriers to Listening 158
Listening Starts Early 158
What is active listening? 159
Noise Distraction and Learning Styles 160
Noise Distraction and Personality Type 161
Avoiding Noise Distraction 162
Listening Comprehension Skill 163
Listening Situations 164
Micro-Skills 165
Speaking Skills 166
Speaking Situations 166
Micro-skills (Speaking) 167
Why We Need Good Speaking Skills 168
How to Speak English Well 169
How to Improve Our English Speaking 169
XX
V
What is Active Speaking? 171
English Tips 173
Reading Skills 174
Micro-Skills (Reading) 174
Why Is Reading Important? 176
How to Read Well? 180
Three Habits Acquired When We Learned 181
to Read
To Go into Alpha Brainwave State 181
Basic Rules of Reading Faster 182
Go into Alpha Brainwave State 182
Preview 182
Overview 183
Read 184
Summary 184
Writing Skills 185
Micro-Skills (Writing) 185
Why We Need Good Writing Skills 186
How to write Well? 188
XX
VI
Support Our Effort to Write Good 190
English with Observation
Conclusion 192
Exercise 193
Chapter 10 196
Writing Essays and Summaries 196
Introduction 196
The Basic Paragraph 197
The Short Essay 198
The Simple Essay 199
Introducing: 201
Prewriting: 201
Organization of Paragraph Form 202
What is a paragraph? 202
Title 202
What is a sentence? S+V.... 202
Capitalization five rules: 202
XX
VII
Conclusion 204
Exercise 205
Bibliography 213
Appendix 1 219
Biography 224

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  • 1. I Preface This book is designed facilitate the study of advanced English, using only in English as mediums. It offers explanations about English grammatical structure, and practicing skills included the four skills of learning such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, which emphasized on reading, writing, and comprehension sentences forms that have vocabularies, and sentences structures related with document in using for studies. The book is also serving as a handbook for teachers who want to teach grammatical structure of English in advanced. The author feels very proud that the University especially Academic Service Center: Faculty of Society Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University of Wat Rai Khing has published the book, giving him another chance to serve the University and its executive board and the leadership of the most venerable rector. (PhramahaYotaChaiworamankul) Academic Service Center: Faculty of Society Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Wat Rai Khing,Samphran,Nakornpathom Thailand 1/11/ 2013
  • 2. II List of Abbreviations A.D. Anno Domoni (Christian Year) e.g. Exempli Gratia EU Europe Cpt Chapter Comp Compendium of Philosophy EB Encyclopaedia of English Language ed. edited ESL English as a Second Language etc. et cetera/ and others Ibid ibiden/ in the same book i.e. that is to say IT. International Technology PR Personal Reception MCU Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya n. Noun Op.cit opera citato/ as referred
  • 3. III p(p). page(s) pl. plural Sing. Singular tr. translated vol(s) volume(s) SCANS Secretary's Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills US United State of America
  • 4. IV Course Syllabus Advanced English Academic Service Center: Faculty of Social Science Wat Rai Khing, Royal Temple, Samphran, Nakhonpathom 1. Code of Subject 000117, Credit Numbers 2(2-0-4) Subject Advanced English 2. Credit Numbers 2(2-0-4 3. Curriculum Bachelor of Arts Program In Buddhist Management Section of Subject General Education 4. Instructor PhramahaYotaPayutto (Chaiworamankul) 5. Academic Year/ Year The 2nd Semester/2013, the 1st Year 6. Pre-requisite 000 116 Basic English 7.Co-requisites No 8. Educational Institution
  • 5. V Academic Service Center: Faculty of Social Science Wat Rai Khing, Royal Temple, Samphran District, Nakhonpathom 9. Latest Revision of Course Syllabus 5 November 2013 10.Teaching Planning week Topics/details Hours Learning Activities(ถ้ามี) Instructor 1 1. Pre-test 2. Introduction to Course Syllabus 2.1Course Syllabus Description 2.2Course Objectives 2.3 Learning Activities 2 Explaining & Example, Slides, Power Point PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul
  • 6. VI week Topics/details Hours Learning Activities(ถ้ามี) Instructor 2.4 Evaluate Methodology 2.5Assignment 2.6 Class Attention 2 Sentence Structure 4 Lecture Illustration Work sheet, Assignments Slides, Power Point 3 Punctuation in English 2 Lecture Illustration Work sheet, PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul
  • 7. VII week Topics/details Hours Learning Activities(ถ้ามี) Instructor Assignments, Slides, Power Point 4-5 Clauses and Sentence Structure 4 Lecture Illustration, Work sheet, Assignments, Slides, Power Point PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 6-7 Expansion of Phrases to Clauses 4 Lecture Illustration, Work sheet, Assignments, Slides, PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul
  • 8. VIII week Topics/details Hours Learning Activities(ถ้ามี) Instructor Power Point 8 Midterm Exam 2 PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 9-10 Reduction of Clauses to Phrases 4 Lecture Illustration, Work sheet, Assignments, Slides, Power Point PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 11- 12 Writing Essays and Summaries 4 Lecture Illustration Work sheet, Assignments, Slides, Power Point PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul
  • 9. IX week Topics/details Hours Learning Activities(ถ้ามี) Instructor 13 Practicing Basic Listening and Speaking Proficiency 2 Lecture Illustration, Work sheet, Vedio Clips, Power Point PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 14 Practicing ReadingProfi ciency 2 Lecture Illustration, Work sheet, Vedio Clips, Power Point Projector PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 15 Conclusion 2 PhramahaYota Chaiworamankul 16 Final Exam 2 11.Planning Evaluations of Learning Score
  • 10. X Num ber Evaluate Methodology Week of Evaluatio n Evaluation Percentage 1 Midterm Exam Final Exam 8 15 20% 50% 2 Presentation & Assignment Whole Semester 20% 3 Class Attention & Participation Whole Semester 10% 12.Resources of Learning 1. Main Document PhramahaYotaPayutto(Chaiworamankul) Advanced English. Nakhornpathom : MCU. Rai Khing Printing. 2013 2.Important Documentary 3. Documentaries Descriptions and Suggested Readings Documentaries Descriptions and Suggested Readings 000117 Advanced English Bryant, Margaret (1945). A functional English grammar. D.C. Heath and company.
  • 11. XI Carter Ronald, McCarthy, Michael (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide, Cambridge University Press. Cobbett, William (2003, originally 1818). A Grammar of the English Language (Oxford Language Classics), Oxford University Press. Fries Charles, Carpenter. (1952). The structure of English; an introduction to the construction of English sentences. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Greenbaum, Sidney (1996). Oxford English Grammar, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Greenbaum, Sidney (1990). A Student's Grammar of the English Language. Addison Wesley Publishing Company Halliday M. A. K; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (revised by) (2004).An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd. edition. London: Hodder Arnold. Huddleston, Rodney D. (1984) Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D. (1988) English grammar: An outline.
  • 12. XII Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K., eds (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language.Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005).A student's introduction to English grammar.Cambridge University Press. Jespersen, Otto. (1909–1949). A modern English grammar on historical principles (Vols. 1-7). Heidelberg: C. Winter. Schibsbye, Knud (1970). A Modern English Grammar: Second Edition. London: Oxford University Press. Sledd, James. (1959) A short introduction to English grammar Chicago: Scott, Foresman. Strang, Barbara M. H. (1968) Modern English structure (2nd ed.) London: Arnold. Thomson, A. J. (Audrey Jean); Martinet, A. V. (Agnes V.) (1986). A practical English grammar:Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. The New Fowler's Modern English Usage edited by R.W.
  • 13. XIII Burchfield. Clarendon Press: Oxford, England. 1996. Used with the permission of Oxford University Press Zandvoort, R. W. (1972) A handbook of English grammar (2nd ed.) London: Longmans. Contents Page Preface I List of Abbreviations II Course Syllabus IV Contents XIV Chapter 1 2 Background of the History of English Language 2
  • 14. XIV Phonemic 3 Morphemic 3 Syntactic 3 Semantic 3 Lexical 4 The Importance of English language 6 Conclusion 10 Exercise 11 Chapter 2 13 Sentence structure 13 Basic Sentence Structure 13 Sentence Structure 13 Subjects and Predicates 18 Subject 18 Predicate 19 Direct Object 19 Indirect Object 19 Subject Complement 20
  • 15. XV Summing Up Sentence Pattern 20 Basic Sentence Patterns 20 Tenses 21 Other 22 Conclusion 23 Exercise 24 Chapter 3 26 Sentence Patterns 26 Verb of Being Patterns 26 Linking Verb Pattern 26 Action Verb Pattern 27 The Ten Sentence Patterns 28 Conclusion 33 Exercise 34 Chapter 4 40 Elements of Sentence Structuring 40 Table Chart of Parts of Speech 40 Subject 42 Predicate 43 Phrases 44 Clauses 45
  • 16. XVI Independent Clauses and Dependent Clauses 46 Compounding Sentence Elements 46 Words 47 Phrases 47 Clauses 47 Avoiding Fragments 48 Avoiding Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 49 Error #1: The Comma Splice 49 Error #2: The Fused Sentence 50 Sentence Types and Punctuation 51 A Compound Sentence 52 A Complex Sentence 53 A Compound-Complex Sentence 53 Punctuation Patterns 54 Connectors—Compound and Complex 54 Sentences A dependent (subordinate) Clause 54 may be introduced by: Punctuations 55 Preposition 55 Conjunction 56
  • 17. XVII Transition 56 Review: Punctuation Marks 56 Apostrophe 57 Parentheses 59 Dash 59 Italics (underlining) 60 Quotation Marks 61 Quotation: 62 The Value of Punctuation 63 Table Chart of Punctuation Marks 64 English Tips 66 Conclusion 66 Exercise 68 Chapter 5 80 Expansion of Phrases to Clauses 80 What are Phrases and Clauses? 80 How Can We Identify Phrases and Clauses? 80
  • 18. XVII I Five Basic Structures of Simple Sentences 83 Samples of Patterns Expanded with Clauses 85 and Phrases Subject/Verb expanded with a dependent 85 relative clause and a prepositional phrase: Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 85 participial phrase: Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 85 dependent adverbial clause: Subject/Verb/Object expanded with a 86 dependent relative clause: Subject/Verb/Object expanded with all of 86 the above: A Guide to Phrases and Clauses 86 Phrases 86 Clauses 87 Conclusion 88 Exercise 90 Chapter 6 95 Sentence Pattern Transformations 95
  • 19. XIX Transform to Passive Voice 95 To Create the Transformation 96 Transform to the Expletive there is / there are 97 Transform to Cleft/Divide 98 Method 1 98 Method 2 100 Past Tense 100 Present Tense 101 Past Tense 101 Transform to Negative 101 To Create the Negative Transformation 101 Transform to Interrogative with yes-no Answer 103 Transform to Interrogative 104 Interrogative Words 104 Transform to Emphasis / Emphatic 106 Transform to Imperative 106 Transform to Exclamatory 107 Answer the Question Active and Passive 108 Conclusion 110 Exercise 110 Chapter 7 114 Clause and Sentence Structure 114
  • 20. XX The Simple Sentence 114 The Compound Sentence 115 Special Cases of Compound Sentences 117 Compound-Complex 117 The Complex Sentence 118 Terminology 120 English Learning Tip 122 Conclusion 122 Exercise 123 Chapter 8 128 Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 128 Time: Since, After, and Before 128 General Rules 129 Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases 130 (continuous) Time: While (during the same time) 130
  • 21. XXI Cause and Effect 131 Time + Cause & Effect: Upon -ing/ On –ing 132 Adverb clauses 132 Part 1: Adverb Clauses 132 1. Introduction 132 Time 133 Cause and effect 133 Opposition 133 Condition 133 2. Time relationships with adverb 133 Clauses 3. Cause and effect relationships 135 with adverb clauses Because 135 Since 136 Now that 136 As 136
  • 22. XXII As/so long as 136 In as much as (very formal) 137 Part 2: Other ways of showing cause 137 and effect relationships 1. Such … that and so … that 137 Using “In order to” 138 Using: So …that 139 Using: “because of” and “due to” 141 Using “therefore” 142 Part 3: Reduction of Adverb Clauses 143 to Modifying Phrases 1. Changing time clauses to 143 modifying phrases Adverb clause 143 Modifying phrase 143
  • 23. XXII I 2. Expressing the idea of 144 “During the same time” in Modifying phrases: 3. Expressing cause and effect 145 relationships in Modifying phrases Conclusion 146 Exercise 149 Chapter 9 153 The Four Skills of English Language 153 Introduction 153 Module Group 154 English Tip 155 Listening Skills 156
  • 24. XXI V Why You Need Good Listening Skills 156 How to Listen Well 157 Barriers to Listening 158 Listening Starts Early 158 What is active listening? 159 Noise Distraction and Learning Styles 160 Noise Distraction and Personality Type 161 Avoiding Noise Distraction 162 Listening Comprehension Skill 163 Listening Situations 164 Micro-Skills 165 Speaking Skills 166 Speaking Situations 166 Micro-skills (Speaking) 167 Why We Need Good Speaking Skills 168 How to Speak English Well 169 How to Improve Our English Speaking 169
  • 25. XX V What is Active Speaking? 171 English Tips 173 Reading Skills 174 Micro-Skills (Reading) 174 Why Is Reading Important? 176 How to Read Well? 180 Three Habits Acquired When We Learned 181 to Read To Go into Alpha Brainwave State 181 Basic Rules of Reading Faster 182 Go into Alpha Brainwave State 182 Preview 182 Overview 183 Read 184 Summary 184 Writing Skills 185 Micro-Skills (Writing) 185 Why We Need Good Writing Skills 186 How to write Well? 188
  • 26. XX VI Support Our Effort to Write Good 190 English with Observation Conclusion 192 Exercise 193 Chapter 10 196 Writing Essays and Summaries 196 Introduction 196 The Basic Paragraph 197 The Short Essay 198 The Simple Essay 199 Introducing: 201 Prewriting: 201 Organization of Paragraph Form 202 What is a paragraph? 202 Title 202 What is a sentence? S+V.... 202 Capitalization five rules: 202
  • 27. XX VII Conclusion 204 Exercise 205 Bibliography 213 Appendix 1 219 Biography 224