Effects of urea and adult palm fertilizer mixture on the survival and body wall tissues of earthworms

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University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

W. U. Chandrasekera and O. K. I. De SILVA Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka Presented at International Forestry and Environment Symposium 2009 at Department of Forestry and Environment Science, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka from 18 – 19 December 2009 (Session 7- Biodiversity)

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EFFECTS OF UREA AND ADULT PALM FERTILIZER MIXTURE ON THE SURVIVAL AND BODY WALL TISSUES OF THE EARTHWORM, Pheretima hawayana O. K. C. DE SILVA Department of Zoology University of Kelaniya

Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Study sites Site A – Home garden Site B – Banana plantation

Study sites cont’d… Site C– Coconut plantation Site D – Pineapple plantation

Field survey cont’d… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Results of the Field Survey Variation of the abundance of Notoscolex spp between the four study sites Abundance of Notoscolex spp ± SE

Field survey cont’d… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Results of the Field Survey cont’d… Variation of soil pH between the four field study sites

Laboratory Experiment ,[object Object],Pheretima hawayana

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Group of replicate Urea treatment C1 (n=4) 1.5g of urea per container(30 g m -2 ) C2 (n=4 ) 0.1g of urea per container(1.96 g m -2 ) C3 (n=4 ) 3.0g of urea per container(58.8 g m -2 ) C4 (n=4 ) C0 (n=4 ) 16.2g of urea per container(317.6 g m -2 ) Control treatment

[object Object],first week ( ), second week ( ) and third week ( ) % Survival of P. hawayana ± SE

Group of replicate APM fertilizer treatment C1 (n=4) 2.2 g of fertilizer per container (43.2 g m -2 ) C2 (n=4 ) 1.0 g of fertilizer per container (19.6 g m -2 ) C3 (n=4 ) 5.0 g of fertilizer per container (98.0 g m -2 ) C4 (n=4 ) C0 (n=4 ) 21.6 g of fertilizer per container (424.3 g m -2 ) Control treatment

first week ( ), second week ( ), third week ( ) and fourth week ( ) % Survival of P. hawayana ± SE Applied APM fertilizer amount (g m -2 ) Variation of the % survival of P. hawayana in different APM fertilizer treatments

Results of The Laboratory Experiment cont’d… ,[object Object],[object Object]

Histological experiment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Histological experiment cont’d… Control Urea added APM fertilizer added CU EL EL CM CM EL CM CM - circular muscle layer CU - cuticle EL - epithelial layer

Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object]

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This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.

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