2. Key messages
 Global:
 World has made major progress during past two decades . . .
 . . . But this progress is increasingly threatened by
unsustainable environment policies and practices
 Environmental sustainability and equity are closely linked
 Sustainability is about inter-generational equity . . .
 . . . But what about intra-generational equity?
 More equal societies have better development indicators
 “Double burden”: Many of the world’s poor bear
environmental risks as well as income poverty,
 These issues will be taken up at UNCSD in Rio (June 2012)
 Regional:
 Transition economies of the former Soviet
Union, Balkans, new EU member states compare well with
other regions . . .
 . . . But there are causes for concern as well
 Concrete examples of how UNDP can help

3. Possible development consequences of
environmental unsustainability
Human development
index: Per-capita
GNI, life
expectancy, years of
education

4. The world is warming—Implications?
Sea levels: Rising
Natural disasters:
Average annual
number has doubled in
last 25 years
Greatest impact born
by low HDI countries
• Greatest forest cover losses
(11% since 1990)
• Poorest households, countries
can not afford to reforest

5. Precipitation patterns also changing
Avg. value,
1951 - 1980
Avg. value,
2000s

6. “Double burden” of income poverty,
poor access to key resources
90% Poor households are likely to:
80%
• cook with wood, dung
Form of • not have access to improved
deprivation water, sanitation services
35%
Multiple deprivations:
• 80% of poor households
experience two or more
deprivations
Modern Sanitation Water
cooking • 29% face all three
fuels
Particular burden on women

7. How much finance is needed?
 For climate change
mitigation, adaptation:
 Estimates are uncertain . . .
 . . . Ranging from $500 billion to $2
trillion, annually
 For water and sanitation: $60 billion
annually
 Most of this must come from private
sector . . .
. . . But how effective are carbon markets?

8. Public finance and climate change
 ODA needed to leverage carbon markets
 Promote market deepening by reducing:
 Risks
 Transactions costs
 Larger role for Russia, BRICS, non-
OECD/DAC donors?
 Financial transactions tax?
 EU has pledged to introduce this in 2012 . . .
 . . . But not for development, carbon finance

9. How much finance is coming?
• Copenhagen summit (2009):
“Green climate fund”
• Developed countries are to
provide $100 billion annually in
climate finance for developing
countries by 2020
• “New, additional monies”
• 2010: $97 billion in carbon
finance flows
• $93 billion—mitigation
• Private sector: $55 billion
• ODA:
• $39 billion—mostly via
development banks . . .
•. . . Most not “new and additional”
• Carbon markets: “only”
provided $2.3 billion
Source: The Economist (5 November 2011)

10. Rio + 20—Issues
• Financing the
transition to low-
carbon growth?
• MDGs after 2015?
• Sustainable
development
goals?
• Reform of global
environmental
governance?
• Binding emissions
targets?

11. Regional dimension
 Transition economies of the former
Soviet Union, Balkans, new EU
member states:
 Compare well with other regions . . .
 . . . But there are causes for concern as well
 There are good examples to be
replicated, scaled up
 Public sector energy efficiency in Croatia
 UNDP can help with this

12. Russia, transition economies:
High/very high HDI levels
OECD countries (2004 new
EU member states), Croatia
Moldova, Central Asia
(except Kazakhstan)
Human development
index: Per-capita
GNI, life
Russia, other FSU, plus expectancy, years of
Turkey, Southeast Europe education

13. Forest cover is returning
2%
1%
Asia, PacificEurope, Central AsiaArab states
Latin America, Caribbean
Sub-Sahara Africa
Change in square
kilometres of forest
coverage, 1990-2010 -8%
-10%
-12%

14. Greenhouse gas emissions:
Global convergence? . . .
100
Tons of CO2 equivalent emitted per $1 of GDP
80
60
Kazakhstan
Russia
40
Ukraine
Global
20
0
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.

15. . . . Or are transition economies
still outliers?
1.7
1.6 1.6 Tons of CO2 equivalent
emitted per $1 of GDP (2008)
1.4
1.0
0.5
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.

16. Many transition economies
beat the global average
0.5
Tons of CO2 equivalent
0.4 emitted per $1 of GDP (2008)
0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3
0.2
Global Slovakia Croatia Armenia Lithuania Albania Latvia
UNFCCC, IMF data; UNDP calculations.

17. Carbon finance: not coming
Joint implementation Clean development
projects approved* mechanism projects
approved*
400 212
Europe and Central Asia Europe and Central Asia
Rest of the world Rest of the world
*As of 31 August 2011
John O’Brien, “Carbon finance: Opportunities and reality”, Development and Transition

18. Carbon finance: What
is to be done?
 Reduce high transactions
costs for projects, by:
 Accelerating project approval
 Increasing project size
 “Bundling” projects together
 Capacity development for:
 Designated national
authorities
 Private companies working in:
 Energy efficiency
 Renewables
 Project beneficiaries

19. UNDP can help—Croatia
 UNDP, Global Environmental Facility programme on
public-sector energy efficiency
 Results (2006-2010):
 Energy systems in 5900 public buildings refitted
 Energy audits conducted in 1346 public buildings
 $18 million in initial annual public-sector energy savings
 Annual CO2 emissions reduced by 63,000 tons
 “Energy charter” signed by all 127 municipalities
 17 new companies, 150 energy efficiency expert jobs created
 $4 million in UNDP-GEF funding leveraged $30 million in
additional investment
Louisa Vinton, “Going green with Gašpar”, Development and Transition

20.  UNDP’s regional
research bulletin, for
Europe and Central Asia
 Provides
UN, independent views
on
development, transition,
policy, programming
 Disseminates lessons of
successful UN projects
 Published in Russian
and English
 Distributed to:
 All UNDP staff in
Europe, Central Asia region
 4000 external subscribers
www.developmentandtransition.net

21. We can make a difference
 Rio—Big
picture: Need
to make a push
for sustainable
development
 UNDP can
make a
difference on
the
ground, with
local partners
and
governments