sunscreens FDA-approved classification with newer trends and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

1. SUNSCREENS

2. INTRODUCTION
• Sunscreens are a constantly evolving
component of the dermatologist's therapeutic
armamentarium.
• Substances that alter UV-Radiation effects on
skin by absorption and / or reflection

4. PENETRANCE

5. UVA / LONGWAVE (320-400 nm)
•
Weak Erythrogenic Activity / Low Energy Waves
•
Primary TANNING component ; Tan is injury by ROS
to the Skin DNA; imperfect attempt to prevent
further DNA damage.
•
Penetrates deeper than UVB ; DERMIS
• Tanning, photoaging (Rhytides), PMLE, Seborrhiec
Keratosis

6. UVB / MEDIUMWAVE (290 -320 nm)
•
Erythrogenic activity is the highest; Most severe damage
•
Primary BURNING component
•
Sunburn, Vit D synthesis
•
Responsible for inducing skin cancer
• Direct impact on cell DNA and proteins
• Actinic Keratosis / SCC / BCC

7. UVC / SHORTWAVE (100-290 nm)
•
Absorbed near-totally by Stratospheric Ozone
•
Artificial Sources - Germicidal Lamps
•
? Global Warming
? CFCs ? Supersonic Transport
•
Protection depends on Latitude / Altitude / Time of
Day

8. SOLAR RADIATION
• 94-95 % UV A
• 03-05 % UV B
• Insignificant UV C
• Partial and Complete Attenuation of UV B and
C by Stratospheric Ozone

9. INDICATIONS
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Sunburn / Suntan
Freckling, discoloration
Photoaging
Skin Neoplasms (Melanomas / Non-Melanomas)
Phototoxic/ photoallergic reactions
Photosensitivity diseases
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Polymorphous light eruption (290-365 nm)
Solar urticaria (290-515 nm)
Chronic actinic dermatitis (290 nm-visible)
Persistent light reaction (290-400 nm)
Lupus erythematosus (290-330 nm)
Xeroderma pigmentosum (290-340 nm)
Albinism
• Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (post-procedure)

10. CLASSIFICATION
• The last FDA sunscreen monograph was issued in 1999, with a
list of 16 approved sunscreen agents.
• RE-CLASSIFY :
CHEMICAL  ORGANIC
PHYSICAL  INORGANIC
LOCAL (ORGANIC / INORGANIC)
SYSTEMIC
‘COSMETICS’ to ‘OTC’ by FDA in 1972

11. ORGANIC (CHEMICAL)
SUNSCREENS
• Organic UV filters are active ingredients that absorb
UV radiation within a particular range of
wavelengths, depending on their chemical
structure.
• Once the UV filter absorbs energy, it moves from a
low-energy ground state to a high-energy excited
state.

12. ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
UVB FILTERS
PABA derivatives – Padimate-O most potent UVB absorber
Cinnamates – Octinoxate (Most frequently used sunscreen
ingredient) Cinoxate
Salicylates - Octisalate, Homosalate, Trolamine salicylate
Octocrylene
Ensulizole

13. ORGANIC SUNSCREENS
UVA FILTER
Benzophenones (UVB and UVA2 absorbers)
Oxybenzone (Absorbs UVB and UVA II both)
Sulisobenzone, Dioxybenzone
Avobenzone or Parsol 1789 (UVA1 absorber)
Meradimate or Methylanthranilate (UVA2 absorber)

14. BROAD SPECTRUM (UVA + UVB)
Ecamsule
(Mexoryl SX) patented by L’Oreal
Silatriazole (Mexoryl XL)
Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S)
Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M)
• Tinosorb M - Hybrid Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen
(ORG + INORG / UVA + UVB)

15. INORGANIC (PHYSICAL) SUNSCREENS
Zinc oxide
Titanium dioxide
Others - iron oxide, Petrolatum, kaolin, calamine,
Ichthammol (Aluminium Bituminosulfate), talc
Inorganic agents function by reflecting, scattering or UV
radiation (Opaque)
Their opaque nature and "whitening effect" are an inherent
disadvantage, which may be minimized by the use of
micronized or ultrafine particles.

16. SUNSCREEN PEELS
Jessner’s Solution with resorcinol
• Resorcinol 14 g
• Salicylic acid 14 g
• Lactic acid (85%) 14 g
• Ethanol (sufficient quantity to make 100 mL)

17. SUNSCREEN PEELS
Modified Jessner’s Solution
• 17% lactic acid
• 17% salicylic acid
• 8% citric acid
• Ethanol (sufficient quantity to make 100 mL)

18. SYSTEMIC PHOTOPROTECTORS
SYSTEMIC SUNSCREENS
β-carotene / Retinol / Ascorbic acid /α-tocopherols
Selenium / PABA
Antihistamines, Aspirin, Indomethacin
Corticosteroids

19. ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
Xerosis
Contact Dermatitis (ACD / ICD)
Folliculitis
Acne
Hypersensitivity / Rash
Staining (PABA- derivatives)

20. SUNSCREEN INDICES
SUN-PROTECTION FACTOR (UV B)
M.E.D of photoprotected skin
M.E.D of unprotected skin
L/A 2mg / cm2 of product
Low: SPF 2 - 15
Medium: SPF 15 - 30
High: SPF 30 - 50
Highest: SPF >50
Austrian Franz Greiter (1962) …….. FDA (1978)

21. SIGNIFICANCE OF SPF
• SPF of 15 blocks about 93.3 % of UVB radiation, while
one with an SPF of 30 blocks about 96.7 % of UVB
radiation; SPF 50 98% blockage (Abs = 100- 100/SPF)
• This difference of 5% may make the difference between
an aesthetically pleasing sunscreen and an undesirable
one
• ‘WR’ (SPF maintained after 40-80 mins Immersion)

22. SPF in FITZPATRICK SCALE
Category Skin Type
SPF
I
Always burns, never tans
15 >
II
Burns easily
15
III
Burns moderately, (avg caucasian)
10-15
IV
Burns minimally, tans well (olive skin”)
6-10
V
Rarely burns, tans profusely (brown skin)
4-6
VI
Never burns (black skin)
none

23. PA ++
Protection against UV A (Japanese Std)

24. OTHER INDICES
• PERSISTENT PIGMENT DARKENING (PPD) COLIPA
• IMMUNE PROTECTION FACTOR (UV A)
• BOOTS STAR RATING (01-05)
<UK>
MINIMAL MELANOGENIC DOSE
(MMD)

25. APPLICATION
• All sun exposed areas (in a concentration of 2 mg/cm 2 ), and
allowed to dry completely 30 -45 mins before sun exposure. It
should be reapplied every 2 hours, and after swimming,
vigorous activity, excessive perspiration, or towel usage
TEASPOON RULE
3 mL (slightly more than half a teaspoon)
FACE / NECK / EACH ARM
6 mL (slightly more than a teaspoon)
CHEST / BACK / EACH LEG

26. VEHICLES
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EMULSIONS ( O/W - W/O)
GELS / AQUAGELS
STICKS
SPRAYS
COSMETICS CONTAINING (NEUTROGENA /
VICHY / BANANA BOAT etc)

27. RECENT TRENDS
• SUN-SPHERES
SunSpheres are Styrene/Acrylate copolymers that do not
absorb UV irradiation but enhance the effectiveness of the
active sunscreen ingredients.
• Scattering UVR  Increased Contact with the active UV filters
in the sunscreen. SunSpheres are also available in a powder
form, and can boost SPF by 50 -70% making it possible to
reduce the concentration of active ingredients.
MICRO-ENCAPSULATION
Active Ingredients in Silica Shell  Minimal allergic or
irritant reactions and incompatible sunscreen ingredients can
be safely combined, without loss of efficacy.

28. IDEAL SUNSCREEN

29. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SPER by Wockhardt
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Zinc Oxide 2 %w/w
Oxybenzone 3 %w/w
Octocrylene 3 %w/w
Octinoxate 7.5 %w/w
Avobenzone 2 %w/w
• 100 mL Lotion @ Rs 160/-
• SPF 26

30. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SUNBAN by H&H Pharma
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Octyl Methoxycinnamate 8.5% w/w
Oxybenzene
3.0% w/w
Titanium Dioxide
Micronised silica coated
6.0% w/w
Methylparaben
0.2% w/w
Propylparaben
0.02% w/w
• 60 g Cream @ Rs 385/-
• SPF 50+

31. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SHADOWZ by Dr Reddy Labs
Octinoxate, Octisalate, Oxybenzone
SPF - 30
Pack – 100 ml
Formulation – Transparent gel
Colour – no colour / transparent
Feel – Non greasy
75 g bottle @ Rs 290/-

32. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SUNGRACE by Glenmark
• SPF 40 ; 100 mL Lotion @ Rs 325/-

33. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• CETAPHIL UVA+UVB
• SPF 50
• 400 Rs/- for
100 mL Lotion
by Galderma

34. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SYNCOTE by Curatio
• 100 g @ Rs 249/-

35. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• SUNCROS by Ranbaxy
SPF 26
•
Aquagel / Cream

36. INDIAN FORMULATIONS
• LA SHIELD by ipca
• SPF 30