3. 3
What is Government?
■ Composed of formal and informal
institutions, people, and processes
used to create and conduct public
policy
■ Public Policy is the exercise of
government powering doing those
things necessary to maintain
legitimate authority and control over
society
4. 4
Purposes of Government
■ Create a Strong Union While
Maintaining State Sovereignty
■ Establish Justice: reasonable, fair,
impartial law
■ Preserving Public Order
■ Protect / Maintain National Defense
■ Promote Individual Freedom
5. 5
Forms of Government
■ Anarchy: lack of government
■ Autocracy: rule by one (monarch v
dictator)
■ Oligarcy: rule by a few (aristocracy v
theocracy)
■ Democracy: rule by the people
(representative v direct)
11. 11
Declaration of Independence
■ Theory of government based on social
contract and rights
■ List of grievances against the King and
Parliament
■ Statement of colonial unity and
separation from Britain
12. 12
Articles of Confederation
■ COULD
■ coin money
■ create post office
■ declare war
■ create army/navy
■ sign treaties with foreign
governments
13. 13
Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses
■ Could NOT
■ tax
■ regulate commerce
■ enforce
■ one vote per state
■ 9/13 need to pass
■ unanimous to amend
■ no judiciary
24. 24
Marbury v Madison (1803)
■ Established Judicial Review: the right
of the Supreme Court to decide the
constitutionality of Congressional or
Presidential acts
■ Involved Adams’ judicial appointments
to retain Federalist control
■ Challenged by Jefferson
32. The Debate on the Meaning of
Federalism
■ Nullification - theory advanced by
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
suggesting that states had the right to
declare federal law “null and
void” (nullify) if they felt it violated the
Constitution
• newspaper
• slavery
32
33. The Debate on the Meaning of
Federalism
■ dual federalism - a constitutional
theory that the national government
and the state governments each have
define areas of authority, especially
over commerce
• interstate v. intrastate
■ state sovereignty - ultimate authority
rests with the states in matters not
enumerated in the Constitution (police
power - health, safety, moral)
33
36. Federal-State Relations!
■ Grants-In-Aid: funds provided to
states and localities (airport, roads)
!
!
■ Meeting National Needs
■ Intergovernmental Lobby
■ Categorical Grants: funds for specific
purpose defined by law (require some
state matching)
■ Rivalry Among the States
Some of the nation’s greatest
universities,
such as Penn State, began as
land-grant colleges.
38. Federal Aid and Federal Control
■ Mandates: rules imposed by the
federal government as a condition for
obtaining a federal grant (civil rights
oriented - required)
■ Conditions of Aid: federal rules
attached to grants states receive
(voluntary)
A National Guardsman watches over the U.S.-Mexico border in
Arizona. The Guardsmen cannot make arrests but can call the Border
Patrol.
