10. Behold! human beings living in an underground den,
which has a mouth open towards the light and reach-
ing all along the den; here they have been from their
childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so
that they cannot move, and can only see before them,
being prevented by the chains from turning round
their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing
at a distance, and between the fire and the prison-
ers there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look,
a low wall built along the way, like the screen which
marionette players have in front of them, over which
they show the puppets.
I see.
And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall
carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures
of animals made of wood and stone and various ma-
terials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are
talking, others silent.
You have shown me a strange image, and they are
strange prisoners
(Plato, Republic, Book VII).
16. Scan line - left to right, top to bottom, 525 lines per
screen (NTSC) or 625 lines (PAL), two interlaced scans
(odd and even lines) per image, 25 frames per second
Horizontal retrace: after each scan line the electron
gun is switched off and returned to the beginning of
the next line
Vertical retrace: after each field has been scanned, the
electron gun returns to the top left of the screen to
begin the next
17.
18.
19. Diagram of a mirror-lens condenser used in motion-picture projection: (S)
light source (electric arc), (M) parabolic mirror, (L) lens, (G) film gate
21. 200-mm f/2 Canon lens with 17 ele-
ments in 12 groups; Canon Spring
2008 EOS System catalog
LEFT: 4-element compound lens fro abandoned
rear-projection TV c. 1996