2. 2
Overview
Review the Internet and the World Wide Web
Learn about server administration
Learn about Web server administration
Explore the common tasks and services
performed by administrators
Examine networking building blocks
Compare Web server platforms
3. 3
Review the Internet and the World
Wide Web
The Internet is a worldwide network of networks
Network of networks – carries voice, data, picture, etc.
Shares WAN used by the international telecommunications network
Uses TCP/IP
Computers need a protocol to talk to each other
The Web is where the Internet uses the HTTP protocol
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Web servers use HTTP to communicate
The Internet is not centrally controlled
4. 4
Review the Internet and the World
Wide Web
Internet had its origins in the 1960s
ARPANET initiated by U.S. Department of Defense
Connecting three computers: Santa Monica, UC Berkeley,
and MIT
In 1995 a high-speed backbone was created
Included 4 network access points (NAPs)
More have been created since then
Now much Internet traffic is handled without going through
NAPs
Peering agreements allow this
It means neither party pays the other for the traffic being
exchanged
6. 6
Understanding Server
Administration
Server administrators
Focus on the LAN
Provide access to software and services
Make sure environment is reliable and
consistent
Protection of system and database
Minimize harm that users can do to network
Access control
Focuses on the LAN and interacts with users
7. 7
Working with Users
A LAN can server hundreds or even
thousands of users
Users need to be productive
Reliable environment and equipments
Users like consistency
Roaming profiles allow users to have the
same personalized desktop environment on
multiple computers
8. 8
Establishing Access Control
Users need just enough access to do their jobs, but
not more
Protecting information
Typically, users are organized into groups, and
groups are given access to network resources
User groups as students or faculty
Users can be given different access to the same
resources
A document can be read by everyone but modified by
only specific people
9. 9
Understanding the Server
Environment
Networks may have one or more servers
With Windows OS computers, servers, and users’
computers can be organized into domains in order to
centralize the control
In Windows server 2000 and Windows server 2003,
domains can be grouped into forests
10. 10
Understanding Web server
Administration
Web server administrators focus on the Internet
Need to work with ISPs and Web page developers
(Internet Service Provider)
Typically, a Web server provides information to
anyone who requests it over the Internet
Web servers can contain other applications
FTP and e-mail
11. 11
Understanding Web server
Administration
Depending on the size of the organization,
some tasks may be delegated
Web page development
Database design
Programming
E-mail administration
Security
12. 12
Selecting Programs and Databases
Web server administrators need to install
programming languages
Web developers use a variety of languages
developed by Microsoft
Active Server Pages (ASP)
Original language from Microsoft
ASP.Net
A newer environment that includes many
languages
13. 13
Selecting Programs and Databases
Non-Microsoft languages are popular, even
on Microsoft Web servers
Perl – one of the first and still popular
Text-based
PHP – easy to use
Personal Home Page
Java Server Pages (JSP)
Uses Java – Dynamic web page design
Macromedia ColdFusion
14. 14
Selecting Programs and Databases
A database management system (DBMS) is used to store data
used with Web pages
Database software is critical to
the central concept of a database (collection of records)
categorized according to the data model that they support:
relational, object-relational, network, and so on
How to query and access the database
Popular software DBMS packages
Microsoft Access is appropriate for small sites
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle 9i, and MySQL are
sophisticated DBMSs for larger sites
Standard Query Language (SQL) is the language used to
communicate with the DBMS
15. 15
Managing E-mail Servers
E-mail is an application provided by the email server
Open by design to accept e-mail from anyone
Spam can be a problem to manage
Specific utilities can be used to help minimize spam
Viruses are commonly sent by e-mail
Use virus detection software and keep it updated
16. 16
Other Applications
Firewall
Helps protect your Web server environment from
attack
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
A service that allows users to download files from and
upload files to a server
DNS
Domain Name Service
Translates host names such as
www.technowidgets.com to an IP address
17. 17
Administrators' Common Tasks
and Services
Installing and configuring systems
Maintaining security
Monitoring the system
Maintenance and backup
18. 18
Web Servers and Networks
Web servers are accessed through the Internet
Internet is a giant Network
We use OSI and TCP/IP modes to understand network
communication
The basic idea is to divide different tasks performed at the
network level
OSI: Open Source Interconnection
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
What is a Protocol?
Set of communication rules
19. 19
Network Building Blocks-
The OSI Model
Layer Name Description
7 Application Responsible for low-level application access to the network.
6 Presentation Can convert data into a format that is understandable to the Application
layer.
5 Session Can open, maintain, and shut down communication.
4 Transport Responsible for transporting the data from one computer to another. (TCP
and UDP)
3 Network Primarily responsible for addressing between two computers. (IP and ICMP)
2 Data Link Responsible for the interface between the packets coming down through the
upper layers and the physical layer.
1 Physical Responsible for transferring the data to the network medium.
21. 21
TCP/IP Application Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Web servers implement this protocol
Web servers use HTTP to communicate
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Used by e-mail servers (and sometimes Web
servers) to send e-mail
Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3)
Used to retrieve e-mail
22. 22
TCP/IP Protocols
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Transfers files to and from server
Domain Name Service (DNS)
Translates host names to IP addresses and IP
addresses to host names
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Creates a reliable connection between two
computers
23. 23
TCP/IP Protocols
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Does not establish a connection, just sends messages
No retransmission, hence, faster
Internet Protocol (IP)
Provides addressing scheme
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Provides error messages
24. 24
Networks
Geographically networks can divided into
LAN (local Area Network – a network of computers that are physically
linked together on a single site without the use of telephone lines of any
sort
Examples include networks in an office, lab, campus connecting PCs
and workstations together
WAN (Wide Area Network) - a network that has at least two parts
separated by a distance requiring the use of a telecommunications
infrastructure often supplied by a telephone company.
WAN
(Internet Backbone)
LAN LAN
25. 25
Ethernet Technology
Ethernet is the most popular
technology used for LANs
Ethernet topologies
Point-to-point interconnection
Coaxial Bus
Star-Connected Topology
26. 26
LAN Technology
Component
Ethernet switch, Hubs, and Routers
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Connecting the LAN to WAN
WAN
(Internet Backbone)
27. 27
Connecting Your LAN to the
Internet
Your ISP connects to the Internet
A WAN connection is used between your
building and the ISP
A T-Carrier connection is often used
A digital connection for voice and data
30. 30
Connecting to the Internet
Channel Service Unit (CSU)
transmits, receives, and
buffers digital data
Data Service Unit (DSU)
translates the digital data on
the T1 side to serial
connection on the LAN side
LAN Side
T1/T3 Side
Different Serves each
with a unique address
31. 31
Other ways to Connect to the Internet
(other than T-Carriers)
Integrated services digital network (ISDN)
Dial-up access – must dial a number for access
Completely digital service (including the last mile)
Offers two types of services
Basic Rate Interface (BRI) up to 128 Kbps; provides 3 channels
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) up to 1.544 Mbps; provides 24 channels
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Uses telephone lines
Often different speeds for uploads and downloads depending on type, up to 6.1
Mbps for downloads and 1.544 Mbps for uploads (ADSL)
Very popular
Cable Modem
Shared access cable provided by cable TV company – dedicated cables can be
more expensive
Does not use standard phone lines – coax cable
32. 32
Bandwidth and Throughput
Bandwidth (BW): Maximum
amount of bits that can be sent
in one second
Throughput (TH): Amount of
data that can be moved from
one point to another in bits per
second
It tell us how fast the data is
actually being transferred
T1 BW is 1.544 Mbps but the
actual TH is typically 760 Kbps
TH can be reduced due to
overhead
THBW ≥
33. 33
Bandwidth and Throughput
EXAMPLE: A common set-up of an asynchronous serial
connection would be 9600-8-N-1 (9,600 bit/s, 8 bits per
character, no parity, and 1 stop bit) - this adds up to 10 bits
transmitted to send one 8 bit character (one start bit, the 8 bits
making up the data byte transmitted, no parity bit, and one
stop bit). This is an overhead of 25%, so a 9,600 bit/s
asynchronous serial link will not transmit data at 9600/8 bytes
per second (1200 byte/s) but actually, in this case 9600/10
bytes per second (960 byte/s), which is considerably slower
than expected.
8 data bits + 1 stop bit + 1 start bits = 10 bits transmitted
Overhead % = [(Data + Number of Overhead Bits)/Data – 1 ]x 100= 0.25 Percent
TH (Bps) = Transmission rate / (8 + Number of Overhead Bits) = 9600 / 10 = 960
34. 34
Web Hosting Solutions
How to setup your Web server environment
Standard hosting
Your site resides on the same computer with many other sites
Must use FTP to update
Cheapest solution
Dedicated server
You have a server that only you use
Co-location
Your own server is physically located at the company that does
your Web hosting
You are responsible for configuring the web page
35. 35
Web Server Platforms-
Microsoft
Windows NT (IIS 4)
IIS (Internet Information Server) was added in the mid-1990s, and
support for ASP was added later
Not really designed for web serving
Supports FTP, Active Server Pages (ASP) programming tool, CGI
script, etc.
Windows 2000 (IIS 5)
IIS part of the OS from the beginning
.NET Framework add-on allows use of ASP.NET
Supports 4-8 processors and clustering
Windows Server 2003 (IIS 6)
.NET Framework integrated into OS
Has many different members: Web Edition, Standard, Enterprise, Data
Center – each requiring different RAM and processing power
36. 36
Summary
Server administration focuses on LANs
Web server administration focuses on the
Internet
Both types of administrators install, configure,
and maintain servers
Many pieces make up the network
There are many Web server platforms from
which to choose