Slide contains detailed information and study about 3 Industrially important enzymes. Renin, Cellulase and Amylase. Please go through the ppt and let me know if you liked it. Thank you :)

1. By:
Saugat Bhattacharjee

2. What are enzymes?
 Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions.
 The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrate which when catalyzed by an
enzyme, produces Products.
 In addition to their ability to speed up reactions, they also provide a controlled environment as
they only produce one targeted reaction at a time, so by using them industrially we can control
where and when these reactions occur.

3. Enzyme changes shape by induced fit
upon substrate binding to form
enzyme-substrate complex.

4. Enzymes properties:

5. Enzymes in Industry

6. Graph depicting different types of enzymes produced and utilized around the
world

7. Some of the important enzymes are:
Renin Amylase Cellulase

8. Renin
 also known as an angiotensinogenase (A proteinase of
high specificity that is released by the kidney and acts
to raise blood pressure by activating angiotensin).
 participates in the body's renin-angiotensin aldosterone
system (RAAS) that mediates extracellular volume (i.e.,
that of the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid),
and arterial vasoconstriction.
 regulates the body's mean arterial blood pressure.

10. Renin- Structure
The primary structure of renin precursor consists of 406 amino acids with a pre- and
a pro-segment carrying 20 and 46 amino acids, respectively. Mature renin
contains 340 amino acids and has a mass of 37 kDa.
secreted by the afferent arterioles of the kidney from specialized cells called
granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

11. Application
 An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium
and water that leads to hypertension.
 Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension measured by the
plasma renin activity (PRA).
 The differential diagnosis of kidney cancer in a young patient with hypertension includes
juxtaglomerular cell tumor, Wilms' tumor and renal cell carcinoma, all of which may produce
renin.

12. Amylase
 enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
 Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins
the chemical process of digestion.
 The pancreas and salivary gland make amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary
starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides which are converted by other enzymes to
glucose to supply the body with energy.

13. Classification
α-Amylase
β-Amylase
γ-Amylase
calcium metalloenzymes, completely unable to function in the absence of calcium. In
human physiology, both the salivary and pancreatic amylases are α-amylases. it is a
major digestive enzyme, and its optimum pH is 6.7–7.0.
catalyzes the hydrolysis of the second α-1,4 glycosidic bond, cleaving off two glucose
units (maltose) at a time. During the ripening of fruit, β-amylase breaks starch into
maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. The optimum pH is 4.0–5.0
cleave α(1–6) glycosidic linkages, as well as the last α(1–4)glycosidic linkages at the
nonreducing end of amylose and amylopectin, yielding glucose. The γ-amylase has most
acidic optimum pH of all amylases pH 3.

14. α-Amylase β-Amylase γ-Amylase

15. Application
 Alpha and beta amylases are important in brewing beer and liquor
made from sugars derived from starch. In fermentation, yeast ingest
sugars and excrete alcohol.
 Amylases are used in breadmaking and to break down complex
sugars, such as starch (found in flour), into simple sugars. Yeast then
feeds on these simple sugars and converts it into the waste products
of alcohol and CO2. This imparts flavour and causes the bread to
rise.
 Alpha amylase is often listed as an ingredient on commercially
package milled flour.
 Amylase also has medical applications in the use of Pancreatic
Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT). It is one of the components in
Sollpura (Liprotamase) to help in the breakdown of carbohydrates
into simple sugars.

16. Cellulase
 Cellulase is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria,
and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose
and of some related polysaccharides.
 Also it breaks down the cellulose molecule into monosaccharides ("simple
sugars") such as beta-glucose, or shorter polysaccharides and
oligosaccharides.

17. Structure
 Most fungal cellulases have a two-domain structure, with one catalytic
domain and one cellulose binding domain, that are connected by a
flexible linker.
 This structure is adapted for working on an insoluble substrate, and it allows
the enzyme to diffuse two-dimensionally on a surface in a caterpillar-like
fashion.

19. Application
used for commercial
food processing in
coffee. It performs
hydrolysis of
cellulose during
drying of beans.
cellulases are widely used
in textile industry and in
laundry detergents.
also been used in the
pulp and paper
industry and they are
even used for
pharmaceutical
applications.