Morsy, maya salzburg presentation

The Future We Want
Rights and Empowerment
United Nations Development Programme
Prepared by : Maya Morsy, Ph.D.
Gender Team Leader, Regional Centre in Cairo
Regional Bureau of Arab States
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

“The fulfillment of women’s and men’s
civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights
are central to the UNDP human development
framework and is vital to achieving sustainable
development.”

http://beijing20.unwomen.org
/en/infographic/beijing-at-20

Status of Arab Women
• Population Dynamics and Demography
Women make up almost half the total population of
the Arab region (48% women, of the region whose
total population is 373 million)
In the Arab region, the burden of raising children is on
women. Despite the drop in the child dependency ratio
in some countries like Tunisia and Egypt, it continues to
be high in other countries. The highest is in Somali
(93.4), followed by Comoros (75.8), Sudan (73),
Mauritania (70.1), Iraq (69.3), and Yemen (69).

• Population Dynamics and Demography
Arab women are expected to live longer. In 2014,
life expectancy at birth was higher for Arab
female (at 72.8) compared to 69.2 for Arab male.
Migration: In 2014, 36.4% of the migrants were
women in the Arab region, i.e. 9 million women
have migrated to other countries

• Education, Employment and Labour Market
Adult female literacy rate in 2010 (regional avg only available for
2010): 67.9% compared to 84.1 for male.
In 2012, female primary school enrollment (% gross) reached 96.7%
compared to 104.3% for male.
In 2012, female secondary school enrollment (% gross) drops down
to 69.9 compared to 74% for male. For Arab female, this is a
significant improve from the 56.7% in 2000.
24.3 % Arab women participation in the labor force (Half of the
global rate) in 2012, compared to 22.1% in 2000.

• Education, Employment and Labour Market
Female unemployment in 2013 reached 17.8%
compared to a male unemployment rate of 8.4%,
i.e. female unemployment more than double that
of male
Female youth unemployment (15-24) amounted
to 33.1% in 2012 compared to 21.% for male of
the same age group.

• 0%-1.8% Average number of women on boards of
business
• 14.9 % proportion of seats held by women in national
parliaments( world’s lowest regional average)
• 7.4 is the proportion of women in ministerial positions
• 33.2% women who reported experiencing some form
of violence in their life time.

• Human poverty stands at around 31.6 % for
women compared to only 19 % for men.
• High maternal mortality rates (270/100,000
live births; 1400 in Somalia)
• High HIV infection rates (40 % of the
estimated 470,000 PLWIH are Women)

1. Arab Women are living either Under conflict,
Protracted conflict, Political transition, Structural
Reform
2. Gender-based inequalities and discrimination,
are rooted
3. Existing Patriarchal (Personal status and family
laws)
4. Sexual and Gender Based Violence significant
challenge for women in some Arab Countries
5. Peace-Advocates and Women Rights Defenders
are frequently under attack
Context Setting

6. Rising Trend of Conservative Political Powers -
Misconceived public perception on Women’s
Rights - Imbalance of Power Dynamics
7. Personal Insecurities
8. Religious misconceptions on women’s status,
gender equality, gender roles, and on harmful
practices to women and girls
9. Limited role of Absence in the political Transition,
Peace negotiations and National Dialogues - Biasness
against women in decision making positions
Context Setting

Challenges
1. Lower control of social, economic and political
resources and opportunities
2. Cultural and social reproduction of women’s and
girls’ subordinate status
3. Persistence of Gender-Based Violence
4. Discriminatory institutional and legislative
frameworks (Laws, Policies ,Practices)

1: Lower control of social, economic and
political resources and opportunities
• Women in the Arab Region are living under conflict,
protracted conflict, political transition, or
structural reform with challenging political, social,
economic and legal conditions, affecting them more
than men.
• The uprising of strong conservative currents.
• Women have limited employment opportunities as
well as limited control over resources due to lack
of access to land, credit, networks, marketing and
information.
• The majority of working-age women are active in
unpaid care work, the agriculture sector, or the
informal sector.

2: Cultural and social reproduction of women
and girls’subordinate status
• Gender-based inequalities and discrimination
rooted in society, linked to norms, traditional
practices, and long-standing values.
• Prevalence of stereotypical images of obedient,
emotional and dependent women, and attitudes
of patriarchy, hamper women from realizing their
full potential.
• Women's lack of control over their own bodies,
and limited access to information related to
sexual and reproductive health.

3: Gender-based violence
• Sexual and gender-based violence in
both private and public spaces
continues.
• Harmful traditional practices limit
women’s choices and control over their
own bodies:
• Female genital mutilation/cutting
• Early marriage
• Limited access to education.
• Sons Preference

4: Discriminatory institutional and legislative
frameworks
• Gender-based inequalities and discrimination in
legislation: property rights, access to justice, family law.
• Gender equality in legal frameworks is circumscribed by
prevailing inadequate
laws(customary/juridical/Religious) or lack of their
implementation
• Limited acceptance of temporary special measures for
women in Parliament and decision-making positions.

4: Discriminatory institutional and legislative
frameworks
• Gender-blind policies and procedures influenced by
narrow interpretations of Islamic Sharia.
• Lack of comprehensive legislation for Violence Against
Women
• Shortage of sex-disaggregated data, and gender-
responsive planning and budgeting.
• Vulnerable civil society with constrained ability to
advocate and provide meaningful support to women at a
large scale.

Arab women priorities in time of political
transitions were calling for
“Dignity, Social Justice, Freedom, Equality”
but were faced mostly with
conservative backlash seeing their rightful gains
and freedoms threatened;

Women Demands in Transition
• First Demand: The Representation of Women
• Second Demand: International Conventions
• Third Demand: Economic and Social Rights
• Fourth Demand: Legislation
• Fifth Demand: The National Women Machinery
• Sixth Demand: Media and Women

Gender Equality
a Strategy
For
Inclusion and Sensitization

+
GENDER SENSITIVE AND TRANSFORMATIVE
Empowerment

WID and GAD Approaches: The
paradigm shift

Gender Characteristics
Gender is a culture-specific construct : The widely
shared expectations and norms about appropriate male
and female being but across cultures there are
differences between women’s and men’s roles
Gender refers to the economic and social attributes
and opportunities associated with being male or female
in a particular social setting at a particular point in
time.

Talking about “social construction of
gender” refers to the socially prescribed
roles to women and men which often
determine their opportunities and
potential, needs and rights, access to
and control over resources.
Social Construction of Gender

Women’s Triple Role
• Productive Role
• Reproductive Role
• Community Role

Practical Gender Needs
• Practical gender needs are the concrete and practical needs women
and men have for survival and economic advancement, which do
not challenge the existing sexual division of labour, legal
inequalities, or other aspects of discrimination due to cultural and
social practices.
• Meeting practical gender needs in development programmes may
include the provision of services such as clean water, shelter and
health care, as well as income generating opportunities.
• If women are involved in decision making and training in new areas,
strategic interests may also be addressed through such practical
projects

Strategic Gender Interests
• Strategic gender interests refer to the relative status of women to
men. They seek to bring about greater equality between men and
women, and to eliminate various forms of sexual discrimination.
• Strategic interests may include legal rights, protection from
domestic violence, increased decision making and increasing
women’s control over their bodies.
• Practical needs and strategic interests are complementary. For
example, programmes that only target practical needs may not be
sustainable unless strategic interests are also taken into account.

Practical Gender Needs and
Strategic Interests

GENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITY
Equality doesdoesdoesdoes notnotnotnot mean thatmean thatmean thatmean that
women and men will becomewomen and men will becomewomen and men will becomewomen and men will become
the samethe samethe samethe same, but that women and
men have equal access tohave equal access tohave equal access tohave equal access to
opportunities and achieveopportunities and achieveopportunities and achieveopportunities and achieve
equal resultsequal resultsequal resultsequal results
Gender equality isGender equality isGender equality isGender equality is notnotnotnot aaaa
women’s issue,women’s issue,women’s issue,women’s issue, but should
concern and engage men as
well as women

GENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITYGENDER EQUALITY ---- SUMMARYSUMMARYSUMMARYSUMMARY
Gender equality implies a society
in which women and men enjoy theenjoy theenjoy theenjoy the
same opportunities, outcomes,same opportunities, outcomes,same opportunities, outcomes,same opportunities, outcomes,
rights and obligationsrights and obligationsrights and obligationsrights and obligations in all spheres
of life
Equality between men and women
exists when both sexes are able to
share equally in the distribution ofshare equally in the distribution ofshare equally in the distribution ofshare equally in the distribution of
power and influence; have equalpower and influence; have equalpower and influence; have equalpower and influence; have equal
access to resources, have equalaccess to resources, have equalaccess to resources, have equalaccess to resources, have equal
opportunities and achieve equalopportunities and achieve equalopportunities and achieve equalopportunities and achieve equal
resultsresultsresultsresults

What is Gender Equality?
Gender equality is defined in many different ways.
One way to approach this concept is by breaking it
down into five main components:
Rights
Opportunities
Value
Situation and outcome
Agency

Rights
Gender equality means that both men and women
should have the same rights, and be equal before
the law.
De jure,” or formal gender equality

Opportunities
While the provision of equal rights can establish “de
jure” (legal) equality between men and women,
true gender equality requires more than legal
guarantees. In order to ensure “de facto” (practical)
equality between men and women, these laws need
to be put into practice. Equality of opportunity
“de facto” (practical) gender equality

Value
Gender equality also means that men’s and women’s
contributions to the family, society, and community
should be valued equally, even though those
contributions may be different
Increasing the value of “women’s
work” will primarily require a shift in
attitude.

Situation and Outcome
If men and women have the same rights and
opportunities, they may not make the same
choices, and therefore it is wrong to expect that the
end result for men and women should be
the same
Barriers to gender equality of
situation are complex and often
hidden

Agency
Gender equality is something that men and women
can claim through their actions and voice.

Under the law
NO
Discrimination
Opportunity
ACCESS
Results
ACHIEVED
compared to Men
Gender
Equality
Gender
Equality
Agency Value

Gender Equality
• Gender equality, centered in human rights, is
critical to achieving the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) of the Post MDG Agenda.
• By advancing gender equality and empowering
women as agents of change and leaders in the
development processes that shape their lives, a
more inclusive, sustainable and resilient world is
envisaged .

Gender Equality
• In addition to improving the lives of individual
women and girls, gender equality improves
the prospects of families, communities and
nations.
• When gender inequalities are reduced, more
children go to school, families are healthier,
agricultural productivity improves and
incomes increase.

Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
Goal 3
PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Target
• Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education,
preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015
Indicators
Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education
(UNESCO)
Ratio of literate women to men, 15-24 years old (UNESCO)
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (ILO)
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (IPU)

(MDGs)
Results
• The world has achieved equality in primary education between girls
and boys, but few countries have achieved that target at all levels of
education.
• The political participation of women keeps increasing. In January
2014, in 46 countries more than 30 per cent of members of
parliament in at least one chamber were women.
• In many countries, gender inequality persists and women continue
to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic
assets, and participation in government. For example, in every
developing region, women tend to hold less secure jobs than men,
with fewer social benefits.

(MDGs)
Results
• Violence against women continues to
undermine efforts to reach all goals.
• Poverty is a major barrier to secondary
education, especially among older girls.
• Women are largely relegated to more
vulnerable forms of employment.

Sustainable Development Goals
• Goal 5 - Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls
Targets
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls
everywhere
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in
the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual
and other types of exploitation
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced
marriage and female genital mutilation

Targets
5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the
provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and
the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as
nationally appropriate
5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities
for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public
life
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and
reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of
the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing
Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

Indicators
5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic
resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and
other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural
resources, in accordance with national laws
5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information
and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of
women
5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for
the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women
and girls at all levels

Weak Enabling Factor: Human Security
&
Gender Dimension of Human Security
Arab women’s security mirrors social, economic and political
challenges to Arab women’s empowerment.
Putting peoples’ security first
Protection of the environment women’s access to resources
Strengthening of rule of law women’s citizenship rights
Reorientation of the economy women’s economic participation
Ending hunger women’s access to food and land
Boosting health women’s right to life and services
Managing conflict ensuring women’s personal safety
50
Arab Human Development Report (2009)
Challenges to Human Security in Arab Countries

The Girl Effect
• http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=The+Girl+E
ffect+Video&Form=VQFRVP#view=detail&mid=3B3
5292540C585BA39B03B35292540C585BA39B0

Causality Analysis
Unfulfilled Women Rights

Unfulfilled Women Rights Causality Analysis
“Status”
“Services,
Access,
Practices”
“Society,
Policies,
Resources
”
Limited women participation in Decision Making in the public and Private Sphere
High unemployment rate among women
High Illiteracy Rates among Women
Limited participation in self employment-micro/small enterprise ownership
High fertility Rate
Share of women in wage employment in the non agriculture sector
Women registered as voters
Women heads of Households
Lack of public awareness
Inadequate evidence base research
Lack a strong knowledge base on status of women
Lack of centers of excellence producing state-of-the art research on women’s issues
Poor representation of women's needs and interests
Lack of Gender sensitive service delivery
Lack a strong knowledge base on status of women
Lack of strong Knowledge base on Women’s Rights for Women to Access
Lack of Gender Sensitive mitigation & adaptation of Climate Change and its effect on women’s livelihood
Lack of enabling environment and gender labor market rigidity and inequalities
Low and imbalanced Media coverage on women and gender issues
Lack of control over financial Resources
Lack of qualitative and quantitative data and evidence based research
Insufficient coordinated mechanisms at all levels to promote the advancement of women (Both civil society and government)
Lack of Mainstreaming Women needs in the Infrastructure
Denial of Women Rights in the laws (Inheritance , Access to property )
Lack of M & E Framework
Patriarchy as an ideology pervading society and state
Poverty – illiteracy - Inequality and Discrimination
Social-cultural barriers, traditional beliefs, value systems and attitudes
Socio – cultural barriers prevent women fro m accessing services
Religious misconceptions on women’s status, gender equality, gender roles, and on harmful practices to women and girls
Limited financial resources - Ineffective allocation & use of financial resources
Gender and Power Relations
Discrimination and Inequalities
Imbalance of Power Dynamics
Stereotyping of women and inequality in women's access to and participation in all community and communication system
Gender Based Violence
Gender Biased Attitudes
Culture of Silence Practiced by Women and Society
Less social acceptance to women’s work
Lack of Solidarity Amongst Women
Lack of Accountability
R
e
s
u
lt
E
ff
e
c
t
c
a
u
s
e

• Limited women participation in Decision
Making in the public and Private Sphere
• High unemployment rate among women
• High Illiteracy Rates among Women
• Limited participation in self employment-
micro/small enterprise ownership
• High fertility Rate
• Share of women in wage employment in
the non agriculture sector
• Women registered as voters
• Women heads of Households
•
“Status”

• Lack of public awareness
• Inadequate evidence base research
• Lack a strong knowledge base on status of women
• Lack of centers of excellence producing state-of-the art research on
women’s issues
• Poor representation of women's needs and interests
• Lack of Gender sensitive service delivery
• Lack a strong knowledge base on status of women
• Lack of strong Knowledge base on Women’s Rights for Women to Access
• Lack of Gender Sensitive mitigation & adaptation of Climate Change and
its effect on women’s livelihood
• Lack of enabling environment and gender labor market rigidity and
inequalities
• Low and imbalanced Media coverage on women and gender issues
• Lack of control over financial Resources
• Lack of qualitative and quantitative data and evidence based research
• Insufficient coordinated mechanisms at all levels to promote the
advancement of women (Both civil society and government)
• Lack of Mainstreaming Women needs in the Infrastructure
• Denial of Women Rights in the laws (Inheritance , Access to property )
• Lack of M & E Framework
“Services,
Access,
Practices”

• Patriarchy as an ideology pervading society and state
• Poverty – illiteracy - Inequality and Discrimination
• Social-cultural barriers, traditional beliefs, value systems and
attitudes
• Socio – cultural barriers prevent women fro m accessing
services
• Religious misconceptions on women’s status, gender equality,
gender roles, and on harmful practices to women and girls
• Limited financial resources - Ineffective allocation & use of
financial resources
• Gender and Power Relations
• Discrimination and Inequalities
• Imbalance of Power Dynamics
• Stereotyping of women and inequality in women's access to
and participation in all community and communication system
• Gender Based Violence
• Gender Biased Attitudes
• Culture of Silence Practiced by Women and Society
• Less social acceptance to women’s work
• Lack of Solidarity Amongst Women
• Lack of Accountability
“Society, Policies,
Resources
“Root”

UNDP Gender Equality Strategy 2014-2017
Mission Statement
To contribute to the eradication of poverty and the
significant reduction of gender inequalities by
empowering women and promoting and protecting
their rights.
By advancing gender equality and empowering
women as agents of change and leaders in the
development processes that shape their lives,
UNDP envisages a more inclusive, sustainable and
resilient world.

UNDP focuses directly on gender equality and
women’s empowerment and also integrates it
into the organization’s three key thematic areas:
1- Sustainable development pathways;
2- Inclusive and effective governance systems;
3- Resilience building.

Sustainable Development Pathways
• The equal participation, rights and opportunities of women are essential to
eradicating poverty and promoting growth that is inclusive, equitable and
sustainable. Women, particularly poor and rural women whose lives are
inextricably tied to the environment, have valuable knowledge and experiences
and can be leaders in shaping inclusive national environmental policies.
Reduce or eliminate the barriers to women’s economic empowerment,
including by addressing women’s unpaid care and promoting women’s decent
work and equal access to credit and productive resources;
Support the integration of gender considerations in social protection
measures to enable women as well as men to participate in the economy;
Ensure gender-responsive governance of natural resource management; and,
Support efforts to increase women’s access to resources , ownership and
sustainable management of ecosystem goods and services, including through
climate finance.

Inclusive and Effective Governance
Systems
• For governance to be inclusive and effective, women must participate
equally in both processes and institutions and benefit equally from
services.
Promote women’s participation as voters and candidates and their
equal representation in constitutional committees, parliaments, public
administrations and the judiciary;
Strengthen women’s legal rights and access to justice;
Engage women equitably in the prioritization and provision of local
services, including health and security services;
Enhance national capacities to prevent and address sexual and
gender-based violence and provide support services and access to
justice for victims

Resilience Building
• Gender equality and women’s empowerment are integral to building resilient
societies and nations. Despite the devastation caused by crisis, post-crisis
rebuilding periods offer opportunities to create more inclusive governance
institutions and transform societies, including by advancing gender equality and
women’s empowerment.
Promote women’s equal participation and leadership in conflict prevention,
mitigation, mediation and peace building;
Ensure women’s equal participation in decision-making processes on climate
adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction;
Mainstream gender equality and women’s empowerment in disaster and climate
risk reduction policies and plans; and
Ensure that women benefit equally from local development, employment
creation, front-line service delivery and reintegration programmes in post-
conflict and post-disaster situations.

UNDP RBAS Results are focused on
1. Increasing women’s political representation
and participation
2. Expanding opportunities for women’s
involvement in constitution making
3. Strengthening women’s roles in peace and
security processes
4. Championing Gender responsive resilience-
based development
5. Enhancing Employment opportunities ,
Livelihoods of the poor women and the
excluded

WOMEN AND GIRLS CALL FOR ACTION
Social Empowerment
• Well being of women and girls.
• Equal access to health care, quality education at all levels, to community, sports and local
activities
• Equal access to Justice and Public Safety
• Equal access to participation and decision making of women in social decisions
• Skills and opportunities for women and girls to organize and use their collective power to
advocate for justice, fairness and equity on behalf of themselves and others.
• Make their own choices with regard to traditional beliefs and cultural practices
• Share Power Equally and change opportunity structure
• Negotiate Gender Relations
• Develop a common understanding on vision and approaches (between women-men) to
change societal attitudes
• Provide choices for young women
• Create a social mechanism and a popular discourse
• Proactive/Preventive measures to eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls
• Build Sense of Responsibility
• Create an intergenerational Framework and bridge the Generational Gap

Economic Empowerment
• Equal access for women to career and vocational guidance, employment,
equal remuneration, occupational health and safety, social security
• Equal access to participation and decision making in economic decisions
• Self Employment /Entrepreneurship
• Ability to generate income
• Access to resources, Access and use credit, Access to information
• Own and control assets
• Provide choices for young women
• Realize greater choices in jobs and occupations and demand access to
essential services for themselves, their families and their communities.
• Supportive family policies for working mothers
• Quality and affordable Childcare
• Creative incentives to the Private Sector for gender equity policies.

Political Empowerment
• Equal access to participation and decision making / Equal Opportunities
• Place in the negotiation Table in the Post conflict and Peace negotiations
• Develop a Civic education curricula that starts from the early years in the school
• Build Trust
• Temporary affirmative action measures (within parties, in local, and national
elections)
• Encourage Young Women to participate
• Shed Lights on the Role of women in the political Party
• Be attentive to young women needs
• Ensure that educational achievements for girls are translated into social
achievement
• Ensure Allocation of resources for Capacity Development
• Engage as Equal Citizen/Foster Active Participation
• Create a strong Voice/ Bridge the intergenerational gap
• Conduct budget Analysis for political parties to assess their commitment to
equality and women's issues

A DREAM FOR GENDER EQUALITY
• An ‘agency approach’ is needed to enhance young women’s status as
agents of development, as partners, and movers and shapers of change to
benefit society at large.
• Translate ‘women's issues’ into a matter of ‘public interest’
• Efforts to guarantee greater political participation, engage women in
voice-based (demand) to choice-based (supply) to improve accountability
of public service providers, will benefit society at large, as will assuring
public safety and security for women and girls.
• A monitoring, evaluation and accountability framework for gender
equality policies, procedures, processes would need to be developed.

Egypt CASE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bvlf6FJRfUU&i
ndex=7&list=PLWCzLjozR2zoN1e7KUPDN-
3OYRZDoA6oA

Resources
• http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/gender.shtml
• Egypt Human Development report , Gender Discrimination Chapter 7 , 2010
• UN Women (Women in Politics: 2015) Facts and Figures: Leadership and Political Participation. Retrieved from
<http://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation/facts-and-figures>
• World Bank (2015). Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24). Retrieved
from<http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.1524.FE.ZS/countries>
• UNDP (Human Development Report: 2014). Gender Development Index (GDI). Retrieved from: <http://hdr.undp.org/en/faq-
page/gender-development-index-gdi>
• UN Women (2013, January). Women Human Rights in Situations of Conflict and Post Conflict Contexts. Retrieved from:
<http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/Womenconflictsituations/RegionalConsultationAmmanJan2013.pdf>
• UN Women (2012, April 20).Women’s Empowerment in the Middle East and Worldwide. Retrieved from:
<http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/4/women-s-empowerment-in-the-middle-east-and-worldwide>
• World Bank (2012, April 9). Women are less likely than men to participate in the labor market in most countries. Retrieved
from <http://data.worldbank.org/news/women-less-likely-than-men-to-participate-in-labor-market>
• World Population Prospects, United Nations, unless otherwise indicated.
• Population Division Database, UN.
• Gender Statistics, World Bank.
• ILOSTAT, ILO.
• World Development Indicators, World Bank
• Gender Statistics, World Bank
http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableSelection/selectvariables.aspx?source=gender-statistics

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