2. The Behavioral Approaches
Behavior, Learning, Social Context
People’s unique learning histories
Commonalities in rules, values, and
learning histories
Principles of learning
Behavioral consistency vs. behavioral
specificity
3. Three Main Versions
1).Classical Conditioning
(Respondent Learning)
Joseph Wolpe,
Hans Eysenck
emphasize the association of
conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
4. 2). Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Functional Analysis : focus on describing
and explaining functional relationships among
stimuli, responses, and consequences
3). Social-Cognitive (Cognitive-Behavioral)
Theories
a). Albert Bandura
Observational Learning
Self-Efficacy
6. b). Walter Mischel
Cognitive Social Learning Person
Variables(Table 2.2, p.49)
Competencies, Encoding Strategies and Personal
Construct, Expectancies, Subjective Value, Self-
Regulatory Systems and Plans
c). Aron Beck
Cognitive Theory of Depression
8. Behavior Therapy
May be regarded as the attempt to apply data
from behavioral science research to the process
of behavior change for remediation and
treatment for individuals experiencing
difficulty in coping with problems of living
(Walker et al., 1981)
Learning-theory approach to therapy
9. Assumptions of behavioral approach
1). Any behaviors are developing through
the same law of learning
2).Therapy methods should be guided by the
results of research on learning
3).Aimed at modifying overt, maladaptive
behaviors, as well as the cognitions, physical
changes, & emotions that accompany overt
behavior
10. 4).Treatment should address client’s current
problems by dealing with the contemporary
environmental forces, learned habits, and
cognitive factors that maintain them
5). Commitment to the experimental evaluation
of treatment
Learning-oriented, empirical, here and now
11. The beginnings of behavior therapy
The term behavior therapy first appeared in a
paper (Lindsley, Skinner, & Solomon, 1953)
Groundwork 1920s
studying the role of conditioning and
learning in development of anxiety
Ivan Pavlov experimental neuroses
J.B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner(1920)
little Albert
Mary Cover Jones(1924)
13. Martin & Pear
Behavior therapy Behavior modification
1). Pavlovian-Hullian Skinnerian tradition
-Wolpean tradition
2). Clinical Nonclinical
3). Therapeutic setting Natural setting
4). Experimental foundation Experimental foundation
based on clinical setting based on animal or human
operant research
5). European tradition American tradition
14. Systematic Desensitization
Joseph Wolpe (1958)
Rationale : Reciprocal Inhibition
responses incompatible with anxiety
1). deep muscle relaxation, 2). interpersonal
assertion, 3). sexual arousal
combination of 1). counter-conditioning &
2). extinction
15. Procedures of SD
1). Diagnosis evaluation
History Taking, Behavioral Inventory…
2). Hierarchy construction
Anxiety hierarchy (table 7.2, p.247)
3). Teaching anxiety-inhibiting responses
Progressive relaxation training(Jacobson,
1938)
4). Conducting the therapy session
Imagery (imagination training)
In vivo
16. Exposure Techniques
Exposed to the most anxiety-provoking
stimulus for an extended period of time
Rationale : Extinction
Implosion Therapy : Thomas
Stampfl(1957)
use of hypothetical construction
Flooding : (Polin, 1959)
use to objective anxiety-related stimuli
Combine with Response Prevention
17. Social Skills Training
Social skill deficits
Assertiveness Training
appropriate expression of feeling in ways
that do not infringe upon the rights of others
1). Teach clients how to express themselves
appropriately
2). Eliminate cognitive obstacles to clear
self-expression
18. Modeling
Observational Learning (Bandura, 1969)
1). Attention process
2). Retention process
3). Motor production process
4). Incentive & motivation process
Model Characteristic : similarity, high status,
be rewarded for their actions
Participant Modeling
19. Aversion Therapy
A set of techniques in which painful or
unpleasant stimuli are used to decrease the
probability of unwanted behaviors
Rationale :
1). Punishment
2). Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
3). Classical Conditioning
Debate problems
20. Contingency Management
Behavior modification procedures
Rationale : Status of Stimulus
present(+) removed(-)
Nature positive positive indirect
of (+) reinforcement punishment
Stimulus negative direct negative
(-) punishment reinforcement
21. Reinforcer
Reinforcer vs. Punisher
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer
Social Reinforcer
Choice rules
1). Personal values & needs
2). Premack Principle
3). Trial & error
23. Shaping
successive approximation
Time Out
a special sample of extinction
Contingency Contract
five components: 1). Responsibilities, 2).
Rewards, 3). Monitoring system, 4).
Bonuses, 5). Penalties for failure
Response Cost
24. Token Economies
A system for implementing the principles of
contingency management to alter a variety
of behaviors
Four elements
1). Target behaviors
2). Token system
3). Back-up reinforcers
4). Rules of exchange governing
25. Biofeedback
Behavioral methods used to control heart
rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, &
physiological responses are known as
biofeedback
Monitor & feedback apparatus
meter reading, graph, or auditory signal
Used to treat several clinical disorders
26. Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy(CBT)
Cognitive therapy : directed toward changing
clients’ maladaptive cognition
The behavioral and cognitive approaches
have tended to merge, called CBT
1). Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
approach to treatment of depression
27. 2). Rational Emotive behavior Therapy(REBT)
Albert Ellis
ABC Model
A B C
(Activating event) (Belief) (emotional
consequence)
D (Dispute)
E F
(Effect) (new Feeling)
28. 3). Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Marsha Linehan
Borderline Personality Disorder
helps the client confront any traumatic
experiences
4). Relapse Prevention
Alan Marlatt & Judith Gordon
Alcoholism & Substance Use Disorder
teach the client to monitor risky cognition
and to replace them with different thinking
strategies