Cancer is not inherited.

1. CANCER, ITS TYPES AND
ITS TREATMENT
Habiba , 03
Zarwa , 04
Eman, 06
Malaika, 11
Fariha , 15
Faqiha, 25
Maira, 41
May 22,2016

2. THROAT CANCER

4. Throat

5. What is Throat Cancer ?
Throat cancer refers to cancerous tumors that develop in your throat
(pharynx), voice box (larynx) or tonsils. Your throat is a muscular
tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck.

6.  Cancer is diseases in which abnormal cells multiply and divide
uncontrollably in the body.
 These abnormal cells form malignant growths called tumors.
 Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal
cords, and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and the
oropharynx.

7. Throat cancer is often grouped into
two categories:
Pharyngeal Cancer
Laryngeal Cancer.

8.  Pharyngeal cancer forms
in the pharynx (the hollow
tube that runs from
behind your nose to the
top of your windpipe.
 Laryngeal cancer forms
in the larynx (your voice
box).
Pharyngeal Cancer Laryngeal Cancer.

9. Types of throat cancer
 Nasopharyngeal cancer begins in the nasopharynx — the part of your
throat just behind your nose.
 Hypo pharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal cancer) begins in the
lower part of your throat, just above your esophagus and windpipe.
 Glottis cancer begins in the vocal cords.
 Supra glottic cancer begins in upper portion of the larynx & includes
cancer that affects the epiglottis(that blocks food from going into your
windpipe).

10. Symptoms of Throat Cancer
 a change in your voice
 trouble swallowing
 weight loss
 sore throat

11. Symptoms
 constant need to clear your throat
 persistent cough (may cough up blood)
 swollen lymph nodes in the neck
 wheezing
 ear pain
 Swelling of the eyes, jaw, throat or neck
 hoarseness

12. Causes
 Poor nutrition (oropharyngeal)
 Diet high in salt (nasopharyngeal)
 Diet low in vitamins A and E (hypopharyngeal)
 Tobacco use (hypopharyngeal; oropharyngeal)

13. Causes
 Excessive alcohol use (hypopharyngeal; oropharyngeal)
 Workplace exposure to asbestos and/or other
inhalants (hypopharyngeal)
 Sun exposure It increases the risk of skin cancers, UV rays
from the sun can increase the risk of developing cancer of the
lips among those who spend a lot of time in sunlight.

14. Stages of Throat Cancer
 Stage 0: The tumor has not invaded tissue beyond your
throat.
 Stage 1: The tumor is less than 7 cm and limited to your
throat.
 Stage 2: The tumor is slightly larger than 7 cm, but still
limited to your throat.

15. Stages of Throat Cancer
 Stage 3: The tumor has grown and has spread to nearby
tissues and organs.
 Stage 4: The tumor has spread to your lymph nodes and/or
distant organs.

16. Treatment of Throat Cancer
Surgery
 There are many types of
surgery for throat cancer
including minimally invasive,
endoscopic, laser, robotic, and
tumor excision to allow normal
function in swallowing and
speech

17. Chemotherapy
 These are drugs used to
shrink tumors and/or kill
cancer cells after surgery
and/or radiation treatment.
Chemotherapy is often used
in combination with other
therapies.

18. Radiation therapy
 Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams from sources such
as X-rays and protons to deliver radiation to the cancer cells,
causing them to die.

19. Natural Preventions
 1. Eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables,
Fresh fruit and vegetables, particularly raw, contain vitamins and anti-
oxidants
 2. Don’t smoke
 3. Cut down or stop your alcohol consumption.
 4. Cut your exposure to asbestos.
 5. Use Cosmetics ,medicines & shampoo carefully to make
sure that none of them contain formaldehyde.

21. OVARIAN CANCER

22. What is Ovarian Cancer?
 OVARY: female reproductive
glands produces egg(ova) for
reproduction
 Tumor: Abnormal growth of cells
o Malignant Tumor (Cancerous)
spread to all parts of the body
o Benign (non Cancerous) never
spread beyond the ovary

23. What is Ovarian Cancer?
 The most common type of Ovarian Cancer that starts from
epithelial cells –gland forming cells
Adenocarcinoma *
* Other common adenocarcinomas are found in the breast, colon, lung,
prostate, uterus, sometimes cervix
 Other types of Ovarian Cancer start in the:
“eggs”(germ cell tumors)
body of the Ovary (stromal tumors)

24. Who develops Ovarian Adenocarcinoma?
 15% Genetic Susceptibility known genetic susceptibility
 BRCA 1 / 2, HNPCC
 Lifetime risk up to 50% of developing Ovarian Cancer
85% spontaneous somatic mutation
Lifetime risk < 2% of developing Ovarian Cancer

25. Who develops Epithelial Ovarian Cancer?
 Risk Factors
 increased age, (average
age at diagnosis 63
years old)
 never becoming
pregnant, infertility
 personal history of
breast cancer.
 Estrogen alone hormone
replacement therapy
 Protective
 Having Tubal Ligation
 Hysterectomy
 Multiple pregnancies
 Pregnancy before 35
 Birth Control Pills
 Low Fat Diet

26. Different Types of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer by Histology

28. How does Ovarian Cancer Present?
 Vague Symptoms
 Bloating, Distention, Changes in
Bowel and Bladder Function, Pelvic
/ Abdominal Pain, Decreased
Appetite
 Symptoms persist and increase
over time
 Urinating more frequently
 Vaginal bleeding

29. Stages of Ovarian Cancer
 >70% of women will present with
Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer
 Cancer has spread throughout the abdomen and sometimes
beyond (lungs, liver)

30. Definition of Longevity
 Overall Survival
 Time from diagnosis to death
 Progression Free Interval/ Survival
 Interval between Treatment Response to Evidence of Progression
 How is Progression defined?
 Biochemical - CA125
 Imaging -- CT / PET
 Physical Exam
 Increased Symptoms

31. Assessment of the Disease
 Symptoms / Physical Exam / Tumor Marker
 Imaging (CT scan)
 Ultrasound
 Screening
blood test for elevated levels of a protein called
CA-125
 Laparoscopic Assessment
Laparoscopy is a surgery that uses a thin, lighted
tube put through a cut (incision) in the belly to look
at the abdominal organs or the female pelvic
organs. Laparoscopy is used to find problems
such as cysts, adhesions, fibroids, and infection.
Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy through
the tube (laparoscope).

32. Treatment Approaches
 Chemotherapy
 kill cancer cells as they replicate
 Biologic Therapies
 Alter how the cancer cell is able to function and replicate
 Radiation Therapy – rarely used in ovarian cancer

33. How do we treat Ovarian Cancer?
 Current Approach -- Surgery and
Chemotherapy
Primary Tumor Reductive Surgery
(PDS)
 Surgery  Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT)
 Chemotherapy Surgery Chemotherapy
Goal of Surgery remove all visible
disease
Goal of Chemotherapy kill all cancer

34. How do we treat Ovarian Cancer?
 Targeted Therapies
Researchers are working on therapies
that target the way ovarian cancer
grows. A process called angiogenesis
involves the formation of new blood
vessels to feed tumors. A drug called
Avastin blocks this process, causing
tumors to shrink or stop growing (seen in
the illustration here). Avastin is approved
for other cancers, but ovarian cancer
researchers are still testing this therapy,
which can have serious side effects.

35. Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Blocks the growth of
blood vessels in a
tumor, starving the
cancer of the nutrition
and oxygen it needs to
survive.Angiogenesis Inhibitor
•One of the first ‘biologic’
treatments for ovarian
cancer
•Effective in several other
cancers (colon, breast,
lung)
•Intravenous every 2-3 weeks
•Limited side effects
(symptoms) but significant
potential toxicities (risk to

36. AFTER TREATMENT
Early Menopause
When women have both ovaries removed, they can no
longer produce their own estrogen. This triggers
menopause, no matter how young the patient. The drop
in hormone levels can also raise the risk for certain
medical conditions, including osteoporosis. It's vital that
women have regular follow-up care after being treated for
ovarian canceMoving On
Women may find that it takes a long time for their energy
to return after treatments end. Fatigue is a very common
problem after treatment for cancer. Beginning a gentle
exercise program is one of the most effective ways to
restore energy and improve emotional well-being. Check
with your health care team to determine which activities
are right for you.

37. Cancer Cell Function which may be altered

38. Conclusion:
Where we are at in Cancer Therapies?

39. 7/16/2016
CBMS2006 39
Breast Cancer

40. 40
BREAST CANCER
Breast Cancer is a cancer that develops from
breast tissues.In this cancer cells in the breast
grows out of control.

41. Muscles
41
 Breast has no muscle tissue
 There are muscles underneath the
breasts separating them from the
ribs

42. Female Breast Anatomy
42
 Breasts consist mainly of fatty
tissue interspersed with
connective tissue
 There are also less
conspicuous parts
 lobes
 ducts
 lymph nodes

43. Breast Gland
43
 Each breast has 15 to 20
sections (lobes) arranged like the
petals of daisy
 Inside each lobe are many
smaller structures called lobules
 At the end of each lobule are tiny
sacs (bulbs) that can produce
milk

44. Ducts
44
 Lobes, Lobules and bulbs, are linked
by a network of thin tubes (ducts)
 Ducts carry milk from bulbs toward
dark area of skin in the center of the
breast (areola)
Ducts join together into larger ducts ending at the nipple, where
milk is delivered
Duct
Areola

45. Blood Vessels
45
Oxygen, nutrients, and other life-sustaining
nourishment are delivered to breast tissue by
the blood in the arteries and capillaries.

46. Lymphatic System
46
 Lymph ducts: Drain fluid that
carries white blood cells (that
fight disease) from the breast
tissues into lymph nodes under
the armpit and behind the
breastbone
 Lymph nodes: Filter harmful
bacteria and play a key role in
fighting off infectionA network of vessels
Lymph ductLymph node

47. Three Types of Vessels
47
Bacteria
Blood
Vessels
Cell life
2
Lymph
Nodes
Lymph
Vessels
3
MilkLobules Ducts Nipple
1

48. Signs and Symptoms
48
Most common: lump
or thickening in
breast. Often
painless
Change in color or
appearance of areola
Redness or pitting of skin
over the breast, like the
skin of an orange
Discharge or
bleeding
Change in size or
contours of breast

49. Causes
7/16/2016CBMS2006
49
 type of breast cancer begins in the milk-production ducSome of
the cells begin growing abnormally
 These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and may
spread through the breast, to the lymph or to other parts of the
body (metastasize)
 The most common ts, but cancer may also occur in the lobules or
in other breast tissue

50. Normal Breast
50
Breast profile
A ducts
B lobules
C dilated section of duct to hold milk
D nipple
E fat
F pectoralis major muscle
G chest wall/rib cage
Enlargement
A normal duct cells
B basement membrane (duct wall)
C lumen (center of duct)
Illustration © Mary K. Bryson

51. 7/16/2016CBMS200651
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type of non-
invasive breast cancer. Ductal means that the cancer starts inside the
milk ducts, carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or
other tissues (including breast tissue) that cover or line the internal
organs, and in situ means "in its original place."
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

52. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC – 80% of
breast cancer)52
 The cancer has spread to the
surrounding tissues
 Carcinoma refers to any cancer that
begins in the skin or other tissues that
cover internal organs
Illustration © Mary K. Bryson
Ductal cancer cells
breaking through
the wall

53. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)
53
Illustration © Mary K. Bryson
Lobular cancer cells
breaking through the
wall

54. 7/16/2016CBMS200654
This means that the cancer started in the cells that line the
lobules of the breast and has spread into the surrounding
breast tissue. Invasive lobular cancer can develop in women
of any age. But it is most common in women between 45 and
55 years old.
Invasive lobular breast cancer does not always form a firm
lump.
Invasive Lobular Carconima

55. Mammography
55
 Use a low-dose x-ray system to examine breasts
 Digital mammography replaces x-ray film by solid-state
detectors that convert x-rays into electrical signals. These signals
are used to produce images that can be displayed on a computer
screen (similar to digital cameras)
 Mammography can show changes in the breast up to two years
before a physician can feel them

56. Mammography Equipment
56

57. 57
Treatment Of Breast Cancer
1. Surgery
Surgery to remove the whole breast, called a mastectomy, or to
remove just the tumor and tissues around it, called a lumpectomy or
breast conserving surgery.
2.Radiation Therapy
Which uses high-energy waves to kill cancer cells.

58. 58
Conti…………….
3.Chemtoherapy
uses drugs to kill cancer cells. As these powerful medicines fight
the disease, they also can cause side effects, like nausea, hair
loss, early menopause, hot flashes, and fatigue.

59. COLON CANCER

61. Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower
part of your digestive system. Rectal cancer is cancer of the last
several inches of the colon. Together, they're often referred to as
colorectal cancers.
Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous
(benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time
some of these polyps become colon cancer.
Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms. For this
reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to help prevent
colon cancer by identifying and removing polyps before they become
colon cancer.
Overview

63. Colorectal cancer

64. What is colorectal cancer ?
Colorectal cancer is a cancer that starts in the colon or
the rectum. These cancers can also be named colon
cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where they start.
Colon cancer and rectal cancer are often grouped
together because they have many features in common.
Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out
of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can
become cancer, and can spread to other areas of the
body.

65. Colon polyp
A colon polyp is a small clump of cells
that forms on the lining of the colon.
Most colon polyps are harmless. But
over time, some colon polyps can
develop into colon cancer, which is often
fatal when found in its later stages.

66. Causes
 In most cases, it's not clear what causes colon cancer. Doctors
know that colon cancer occurs when healthy cells in the colon
develop errors in their DNA.
 Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body
functioning normally. But when a cell's DNA is damaged and
becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide — even when new
cells aren't needed. As the cells accumulate, they form a tumor.
 With time, the cancer cells can grow to invade and destroy
normal tissue nearby. And cancerous cells can travel to other
parts of body.

68. Risk factors
 Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk. Genetic
syndromes passed through generations of your family can
increase your risk of colon cancer. These syndromes include
familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis
colorectal cancer, which is also known as Lynch syndrome.
 Obesity. People who are obese have an increased risk of colon
cancer and an increased risk of dying of colon cancer when
compared with people considered normal weight.
 Smoking. People who smoke may have an increased risk of
colon cancer.
 Alcohol. Heavy use of alcohol may increase your risk of colon
cancer.

69. Symptoms
 Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include:
 A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation
or a change in the consistency of your stool, that lasts longer than
four weeks
 Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
 Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain
 A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
 Weakness or fatigue
 Unexplained weight loss

72. Stages of colon cancer

73. Treatment
Stage 1 ........
Stage I includes cancers that were part of a polyp. If the polyp is removed
completely during colonoscopy, with no cancer cells at the edges (margins)
of the removed sample, no other treatment may be needed.
 If the cancer in the polyp is high grade (see Colorectal cancer stages) or
there are cancer cells at the edges of the polyp, more surgery may be
advised
Stage 2 .......
Surgery to remove the section of the colon containing the cancer along with
nearby lymph nodes (partial colectomy) may be the only treatment needed.
But your doctor may recommend adjuvant chemotherapy (chemo after
surgery) .

74.  Stage 3........
Surgery to remove the section of the colon with the cancer along with
nearby lymph nodes (partial colectomy) followed by adjuvant chemo is the
standard treatment for this stage. Radiation therapy and/or chemo may be
options for people who aren’t healthy enough for surgery .
 Stage 4.......
Stage 4 colon cancers have spread from the colon to distant organs and
tissues. Colon cancer most often spreads to the liver, but it can also spread
to other places such as the lungs, peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal
cavity), or to distant lymph nodes.
. Chemo is typically given as well, before and/or after surgery. In some
cases, hepatic artery infusion may be used if the cancer has spread to the
liver.

77. References
 www.cancerorg.com
 www.mayoclinic.org
 www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal
 www.medicinet.com/article

78. CERVICAL CANCER

79. INTRODUCTION
 Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women
worldwide.
 It is a disease that develop quit slowly and begins with a
precancerous condition know as dysplasia.
 Dysplasia is easily detected in routine pap smear and it is easily
treatable.
 Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour deriving from cel of cervix.

82. DEFINITION
CERVICAL CANCER
 Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour deriving from cells of
cervix uteri, which is the lower part, the neck of the womb,the
female reproductive organ.

83. CAUSES
 Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human
papillomavirus, or HPV. You can get HPV by having sexual
contact with someone who has it. There are many types of
the HPV virus. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer.
 Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells on
the cervix grow out of control. The cervix is the lower part of
the uterus that opens into the vagina.

85. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
 The most common symptoms and signs of cervical cancer are
abnormal vaginal bleeding,
 Increased vaginal discharge
 Bleeding after going through menopause
 Pain during sex
 Pelvic pain

86. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC
FINDINGS
 Cervical cancer can be diagnosed using a Pap smear or other
procedures that sample the cervix tissue.
 Chest X-rays, CT scan, MRI, and a PET scan may be used to
determine the stage of cervical cancer.
 Cancer of the cervix requires different treatment than cancer
that begins in other parts of the uterus.

87. TREATMENT
 Treatment options for cervical cancer include
 radiation therapy
 surgery, and
 chemotherapy.
 Two vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix are vaccines that are
available to prevent HPV.