2. 2 species of hookworms infect humans 1. Ancylostoma duodenale - Old World Hookworm Distribution –

3. 2 species of hookworms infect humans 2. Necator americanus - New World Hookworm Distribution – Also occurs in Africa and Asia - probably introduced into the U.S. with the slave trade. Stereotyped rural southerner as lazy, shiftless, and good-for-nothing (poor white trash) is partly due to the high prevalence of this parasite in southern U.S.

4. Hookworm Distribution

5. Females: 9-13 mm long with egg-filled uterus Male hookworms: 7-11 mm long Posterior end forms a __________________

6. Morphology of Ancylostoma duodenale Buccal capsule contains 2 pairs of large ventral (anterior) teeth Copulatory bursa is at posterior end and contains 2 thin spicules that separate distally.

7. Morphology of Necator americanus Buccal capsule contains a pair of ventral and dorsal cutting plates. Copulatory bursa contains spicules that are fused distally.

8. Life Cycle of 2 Hookworms is similar 1. Adults occur in the human __________________ Male and female are commonly found in copula. Both are well attached to the intestinal mucosa with the buccal capsule. 2. Female releases eggs which are passed in the feces. Both species show high fecundity: A. duodenale produces 25,000 to 30,000 eggs/day. N. americanus produces 9,000 eggs/day.

9. Life Cycle of 2 Hookworms is similar 3. Eggs embryonate in warm, moist shady soil. 4. In 1-2 days, the __________ (also called the rhabditiform larva) hatches and feeds on bacteria and debris in the feces & soil. 5. L 1 molts twice to the ______ stage (called the filariform larva) in a week. 6. L3 are infective and migrate to the surface of the soil and upon contact with human skin will______________________ Larvae typically penetrate skin of the feet when one walks barefooted through warm soil.

10. Life Cycle of 2 Hookworms is similar 7. After penetrating the skin, the L 3 enter the circulation, are carried to the heart, and follow the pulmonary circulation to the ______________________ Here, they break out of the lung capillaries, enter the alveoli, migrate up the respiratory tree, and are swallowed. 8. Arriving in the small intestine, the L3 molts twice to the adult stage. It takes 5 weeks from the time of skin penetration until the adults are mature.

14. Diagnosis DIAGNOSIS - identify the eggs in the feces All hookworm eggs look the same so can’t ID species Eggs are ovoid with thin, smooth eggshell. Internally, eggs are always early in mitosis - contain 2 to 16 cells. Size: 55-75 µm x 35-40 µm

15. Treatment and Prevention TREATMENT - ______________________________ is effective in treating both species PREVENTION: 1. ___________________________________ - stop pollution of soil with infected feces - this has eliminated much of the problem in southern U.S. 2. ___________________________________ - prevent penetration of L 3

16. Dog and Cat Hookworms Dog hookworm - Ancylostoma caninum - is easily recognized by its 3 pairs of teeth in the buccal capsule. Cat hookworm - Ancylostoma braziliense - has a pair of long teeth .

17. Dog and Cat Hookworms Both species inhabit the small intestine of their hosts. Life cycles and pathology are similar to human species. HUMANS may serve as accidental hosts of these hookworms when the filariform larvae (L 3 ) penetrate human skin. L 3 penetrates human skin

18. 2 Pathological Problems in Humans: 1. __________________________________________ (= Creeping Eruption) L 3 of dog or cat hookworms enter human skin and wander about in epidermis L 3 are unable to penetrate into the dermis and are eventually killed by our immune system Wandering L 3 cause a red, itchy irritation Treated with thiabendazole ointment Present in the U.S.; another reason to clean up dog and cat feces!

19. 2 Pathological Problems in Humans: 2. _______________________caused by Ancylostoma caninum Recent finding only in ____________________- over 200 cases reported A few L 3 are able to penetrate skin to enter circulation and are carried to small intestine. Cause severe swelling and bleeding in region of small intestine where they attach (called enteritis). Method of Infection: Dog defecates on lawn and then person mows lawn barefooted and L 3 penetrate skin. Probably just a matter of time before cases appear in the U.S.

20. Rhabditid Nematodes - Chapter 24 Strongyloides stercoralis This tiny nematode occurs in the small intestine of ___________________________________________________ Parasite is cosmopolitan in distribution but is most common in warm, moist climates.

22. Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis LIFE CYCLE involves the ability to undergo either a free-living existence or a parasitic existence depending on conditions.

24. Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis 3. At this point, there are 3 possible pathways that can be followed in the life cycle: (1) _______________________ - L 1 molt twice to the L 3 stage (= filariform larvae) as they pass through the large intestine. They penetrate the wall of the large intestine, enter the circulation, migrate through the lungs, enter respiratory tree, and are swallowed. Larvae molt twice in small intestine and become parasitic females.

25. Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis (2) _______________________ - L 1 are passed in the feces onto warm, moist soil. In the soil, the L 1 molt 2x to L 3 (filariform larvae) L 3 penetrate the skin (like hookworm larvae) and enter the circulation. Go through lung migration, are swallowed, and molt to parasitic females in the small intestine.

26. Life Cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis (3) ________________________ - L 1 rhabditiform larvae are passed in the feces and develop directly into free-living males and females. These adults copulate and eggs are released in the soil. L 1 (rhabditiform larvae) hatch from the eggs and may again develop into free-living adults - OR - may instead molt 2x to become infective L 3 that penetrate skin to start a new parasitic cycle.

27. Pathology of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection is long-lasting (up to 40 years in WWII POW's) and is generally asymptomatic. 3 stages of pathology: 1. ______________________________- skin penetration of L 3 - cause itching and reddening of skin at penetration sites 2. ______________________________ - due to lung migration of L 3 - pneumonia-like symptoms similar to Ascaris & hookworms

28. Pathology of Strongyloides stercoralis 3. ______________________________________________ - parasitic females burrow into the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine causing ulceration of tissue and sloughing of intestinal cells. - ulceration causes secondary bacterial infections

30. Strongyloides stercoralis DIAGNOSIS – (1) (2) TREATMENT - __________________________________ is the drug of choice but has serious side effects PREVENTION -