SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 24
Presentation
on
E-Commerce
Presented By:
Piyush Dua
13CA1005
BCA 3rd Semester
Agenda Of This Presentation :-
Introduction to e-commerce
Element of e-commerce
 The Process of e-commerce
 Types of e-commerce
 Applications of e-commerce
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
Introduction:
 In its simplest form,e-commerce is the buying
and selling of products and services by
businesses and consumers over the Internet.
People use the term "ecommerce" to describe
encrypted payments on the Internet.
 In other words, E-Commerce is the buying and
selling of goods and services via the Internet.
Element of E-Commerce:
 There are certain elements required to perform
online business.
 Promote your Web site presence.
 Have an online catalog or store.
 Have the capability to receive payments.
 Be able to deliver the item.
 Provide after-the-sale support.
The Process of E-Commerce:
E-commerce payment methods:
 Credit Card
 Payment Websites
 Wire Transfer
 Checks and Money Orders
 Purchase Order
Types of E-Commerce:
1) Business-to-Business (B2B)
2) Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
3) Consumer-to-Business(C2B)
4) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
5) Business-to-Government (B2G)
6) Government-to-Consumer(G2C)
7) Government-to-Business(G2B)
B2B:
 It means business to business. It is the types of e-
commerce in which buyer and seller, both are
businesses.
 In this, one business is sells its products or
services while other business buys these
products or services.
 Following are some examples of B2B sites:
Alibaba.com.
Global source.com.
B2C:
 It means business to consumers. It is the type of
e-commerce in which business sells its services
or products to consumers, through internet or
computer network.
 Example: flipkart.com
C2B:
 It means consumer to business. It is a types of e-
commerce in which customers sells their
products or services to businesses.
 Its common example is the advertisement that
people put on different sites.
 Example: Priceline.com.
C2C:
 It means consumer to consumer.
 It is the type of e-commerce in which one
consumer sells its products to other consumer,
through internet or computer network.
 Example: OLX.com
B2G:
 It means business to government.
 It is a type of e-commerce in which business
sells its services or products to government.
G2C:
 It means government to consumer.
 It is the type of e-commerce in which
government sells its services or products directly
to consumers, through computer network.
G2B:
 It means government to business.
 It is type of e-commerce in which government
sells its information or services to businesses.
 This process takes place on some special
government websites.
Applications of E-Commerce:
1) Online Shopping
2) Electronic Bill Payment
3) Electronic ticketing
4) Online Banking
Online Shopping:
 Online shopping is the process consumers go
through to purchase products or services over
the Internet.
 Online shopping is a type of electronic
commerce used for business-to-business (B2B)
and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions.
Electronic Bill Payment:
 Electronic bill presentment and payment (EBPP)
is a fairly new technique that allows consumers
to view and pay bills electronically.
 EBPP systems send bills from service providers to
individual consumers via the internet.
Electronic ticketing:
 An electronic ticket or e-ticket is used to
represent the purchase of a seat on a
passenger airline, usually through a website or
by telephone.
 This form of airline ticket has rapidly replaced
the old multi-layered paper tickets.
Online Banking:
 Online banking (or Internet banking) allows
customers to conduct financial transactions on
a secure website operated by their bank.
 The common features provided by online-
banking fall broadly into several categories:
Transactional
Non-transactional
Top 10 E-Commerce websites in India:
Advantages:
1) More products and services: EC provides with
more choices; they can select from many vendors
and from more products.
2) Cheaper products: EC frequently provides
consumers with less expensive products and services by
allowing them to shop in many places and conduct quick
comparisons.
3) Ubiquity: EC provides consumers to shop or perform
other transactions year round, 24 hours a day, from almost
any location.
Disadvantages:
1) Some customers like to feel and touch
products. Also, customers are resistant to the
change from a real to a virtual store.
2) People do not yet sufficiently trust paperless,
faceless transactions.
3) There is an increase amount of fraud on the
Internet.
23
24

More Related Content

What's hot

E Commerce Presentation
E  Commerce  PresentationE  Commerce  Presentation
E Commerce PresentationTylerjd
 
E-Commerce
E-CommerceE-Commerce
E-Commercetormeyj
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerceGBC
 
E commerce ppt
E commerce pptE commerce ppt
E commerce pptihedce
 
E commerce presentation
E  commerce presentationE  commerce presentation
E commerce presentationsachin jain
 
Introduction to e_commerce
Introduction to e_commerceIntroduction to e_commerce
Introduction to e_commerceRevi Shahini
 
An introduction to E-Commerce
An introduction to E-CommerceAn introduction to E-Commerce
An introduction to E-CommerceAnubha .
 
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...Nuzhat Memon
 
E commerce Presentation
E commerce PresentationE commerce Presentation
E commerce PresentationNithin Dave
 
Power point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commercePower point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commerceCustomEssayOrder
 

What's hot (20)

E-Commerce
E-CommerceE-Commerce
E-Commerce
 
E Commerce Presentation
E  Commerce  PresentationE  Commerce  Presentation
E Commerce Presentation
 
E-Commerce
E-CommerceE-Commerce
E-Commerce
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
E commerce ppt
E commerce pptE commerce ppt
E commerce ppt
 
E commerce presentation
E  commerce presentationE  commerce presentation
E commerce presentation
 
Introduction to e_commerce
Introduction to e_commerceIntroduction to e_commerce
Introduction to e_commerce
 
An introduction to E-Commerce
An introduction to E-CommerceAn introduction to E-Commerce
An introduction to E-Commerce
 
e commerce ppt
e commerce ppte commerce ppt
e commerce ppt
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
e-Commerce
e-Commercee-Commerce
e-Commerce
 
E commerce
E  commerce E  commerce
E commerce
 
Ecommerce
EcommerceEcommerce
Ecommerce
 
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...
Std 12 Computer Chapter 4 Introduction to Ecommerce (Part 1 Introduction and ...
 
E commerce Presentation
E commerce PresentationE commerce Presentation
E commerce Presentation
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
Power point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commercePower point presentation e commerce
Power point presentation e commerce
 
E Commerce
E CommerceE Commerce
E Commerce
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
E - Commerce
E - CommerceE - Commerce
E - Commerce
 

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (7)

E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
Introduction to e commerce
Introduction to e commerceIntroduction to e commerce
Introduction to e commerce
 
E ticketing
E ticketingE ticketing
E ticketing
 
Online Bus Reservatiom System
Online Bus Reservatiom SystemOnline Bus Reservatiom System
Online Bus Reservatiom System
 
E-Ticket presentation
E-Ticket presentationE-Ticket presentation
E-Ticket presentation
 
Nfc ppt
Nfc pptNfc ppt
Nfc ppt
 
Near field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technologyNear field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technology
 

Similar to E-Commerce Presentation: Introduction, Types, Applications & Advantages

Similar to E-Commerce Presentation: Introduction, Types, Applications & Advantages (20)

E-Commerce
E-CommerceE-Commerce
E-Commerce
 
1 introduction to e commerce
1 introduction to e commerce1 introduction to e commerce
1 introduction to e commerce
 
E-Comm-overview
E-Comm-overviewE-Comm-overview
E-Comm-overview
 
E-COMMERCE.pptx
E-COMMERCE.pptxE-COMMERCE.pptx
E-COMMERCE.pptx
 
Irfan ali project
Irfan ali projectIrfan ali project
Irfan ali project
 
E-commerce | Derin Dolen
E-commerce | Derin DolenE-commerce | Derin Dolen
E-commerce | Derin Dolen
 
E commerce ppt.pptx
E commerce ppt.pptxE commerce ppt.pptx
E commerce ppt.pptx
 
Electronic commerce
Electronic commerceElectronic commerce
Electronic commerce
 
CHAPTER 7E-Commerce Applications and IssuesCHAP.docx
CHAPTER 7E-Commerce Applications and IssuesCHAP.docxCHAPTER 7E-Commerce Applications and IssuesCHAP.docx
CHAPTER 7E-Commerce Applications and IssuesCHAP.docx
 
E commerce banking ppt
E commerce banking pptE commerce banking ppt
E commerce banking ppt
 
Irfan ali project e-Commerce 1
Irfan ali project e-Commerce 1Irfan ali project e-Commerce 1
Irfan ali project e-Commerce 1
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
E commerce
E commerceE commerce
E commerce
 
E-commerce
E-commerceE-commerce
E-commerce
 
Presentation ECOM PowerPoint.pptx
Presentation ECOM PowerPoint.pptxPresentation ECOM PowerPoint.pptx
Presentation ECOM PowerPoint.pptx
 
Future trends and legal aspects (111 kb)
Future trends and legal aspects (111 kb)Future trends and legal aspects (111 kb)
Future trends and legal aspects (111 kb)
 
E commerce pk
E commerce pkE commerce pk
E commerce pk
 
E-COMMERCE PPT -YASH JAIN
E-COMMERCE PPT -YASH JAINE-COMMERCE PPT -YASH JAIN
E-COMMERCE PPT -YASH JAIN
 
e-commerce and internet banking
e-commerce and internet bankinge-commerce and internet banking
e-commerce and internet banking
 
E commerce
E commerce E commerce
E commerce
 

Recently uploaded

Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL Certs
Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL CertsScanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL Certs
Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL CertsRizwan Syed
 
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr BaganFwdays
 
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machineInstall Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machinePadma Pradeep
 
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platforms
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platformsDevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platforms
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platformsSergiu Bodiu
 
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmaticsKotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmaticscarlostorres15106
 
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage Cost
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage CostLeverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage Cost
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage CostZilliz
 
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clash
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time ClashPowerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clash
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clashcharlottematthew16
 
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering Tips
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering TipsVertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering Tips
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering TipsMiki Katsuragi
 
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)Mark Simos
 
Training state-of-the-art general text embedding
Training state-of-the-art general text embeddingTraining state-of-the-art general text embedding
Training state-of-the-art general text embeddingZilliz
 
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptx
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptxArtificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptx
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptxhariprasad279825
 
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easy
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easyCommit 2024 - Secret Management made easy
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easyAlfredo García Lavilla
 
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationConnect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationSlibray Presentation
 
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?Mattias Andersson
 
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupStreamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupFlorian Wilhelm
 
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek SchlawackFwdays
 
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):comworks
 
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024Enterprise Knowledge
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL Certs
Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL CertsScanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL Certs
Scanning the Internet for External Cloud Exposures via SSL Certs
 
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
"ML in Production",Oleksandr Bagan
 
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machineInstall Stable Diffusion in windows machine
Install Stable Diffusion in windows machine
 
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
My INSURER PTE LTD - Insurtech Innovation Award 2024
 
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platforms
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platformsDevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platforms
DevEX - reference for building teams, processes, and platforms
 
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmaticsKotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
Kotlin Multiplatform & Compose Multiplatform - Starter kit for pragmatics
 
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage Cost
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage CostLeverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage Cost
Leverage Zilliz Serverless - Up to 50X Saving for Your Vector Storage Cost
 
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clash
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time ClashPowerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clash
Powerpoint exploring the locations used in television show Time Clash
 
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering Tips
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering TipsVertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering Tips
Vertex AI Gemini Prompt Engineering Tips
 
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)
Tampa BSides - Chef's Tour of Microsoft Security Adoption Framework (SAF)
 
Training state-of-the-art general text embedding
Training state-of-the-art general text embeddingTraining state-of-the-art general text embedding
Training state-of-the-art general text embedding
 
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptx
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptxArtificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptx
Artificial intelligence in cctv survelliance.pptx
 
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easy
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easyCommit 2024 - Secret Management made easy
Commit 2024 - Secret Management made easy
 
DMCC Future of Trade Web3 - Special Edition
DMCC Future of Trade Web3 - Special EditionDMCC Future of Trade Web3 - Special Edition
DMCC Future of Trade Web3 - Special Edition
 
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck PresentationConnect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
Connect Wave/ connectwave Pitch Deck Presentation
 
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?
Are Multi-Cloud and Serverless Good or Bad?
 
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project SetupStreamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
Streamlining Python Development: A Guide to a Modern Project Setup
 
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
"Subclassing and Composition – A Pythonic Tour of Trade-Offs", Hynek Schlawack
 
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):
CloudStudio User manual (basic edition):
 
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
Designing IA for AI - Information Architecture Conference 2024
 

E-Commerce Presentation: Introduction, Types, Applications & Advantages

  • 2. Agenda Of This Presentation :- Introduction to e-commerce Element of e-commerce  The Process of e-commerce  Types of e-commerce  Applications of e-commerce  Advantages  Disadvantages
  • 3. Introduction:  In its simplest form,e-commerce is the buying and selling of products and services by businesses and consumers over the Internet. People use the term "ecommerce" to describe encrypted payments on the Internet.  In other words, E-Commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services via the Internet.
  • 4. Element of E-Commerce:  There are certain elements required to perform online business.  Promote your Web site presence.  Have an online catalog or store.  Have the capability to receive payments.  Be able to deliver the item.  Provide after-the-sale support.
  • 5. The Process of E-Commerce:
  • 6. E-commerce payment methods:  Credit Card  Payment Websites  Wire Transfer  Checks and Money Orders  Purchase Order
  • 7. Types of E-Commerce: 1) Business-to-Business (B2B) 2) Business-to-Consumer (B2C) 3) Consumer-to-Business(C2B) 4) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) 5) Business-to-Government (B2G) 6) Government-to-Consumer(G2C) 7) Government-to-Business(G2B)
  • 8. B2B:  It means business to business. It is the types of e- commerce in which buyer and seller, both are businesses.  In this, one business is sells its products or services while other business buys these products or services.  Following are some examples of B2B sites: Alibaba.com. Global source.com.
  • 9. B2C:  It means business to consumers. It is the type of e-commerce in which business sells its services or products to consumers, through internet or computer network.  Example: flipkart.com
  • 10. C2B:  It means consumer to business. It is a types of e- commerce in which customers sells their products or services to businesses.  Its common example is the advertisement that people put on different sites.  Example: Priceline.com.
  • 11. C2C:  It means consumer to consumer.  It is the type of e-commerce in which one consumer sells its products to other consumer, through internet or computer network.  Example: OLX.com
  • 12. B2G:  It means business to government.  It is a type of e-commerce in which business sells its services or products to government.
  • 13. G2C:  It means government to consumer.  It is the type of e-commerce in which government sells its services or products directly to consumers, through computer network.
  • 14. G2B:  It means government to business.  It is type of e-commerce in which government sells its information or services to businesses.  This process takes place on some special government websites.
  • 15. Applications of E-Commerce: 1) Online Shopping 2) Electronic Bill Payment 3) Electronic ticketing 4) Online Banking
  • 16. Online Shopping:  Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet.  Online shopping is a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions.
  • 17. Electronic Bill Payment:  Electronic bill presentment and payment (EBPP) is a fairly new technique that allows consumers to view and pay bills electronically.  EBPP systems send bills from service providers to individual consumers via the internet.
  • 18. Electronic ticketing:  An electronic ticket or e-ticket is used to represent the purchase of a seat on a passenger airline, usually through a website or by telephone.  This form of airline ticket has rapidly replaced the old multi-layered paper tickets.
  • 19. Online Banking:  Online banking (or Internet banking) allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operated by their bank.  The common features provided by online- banking fall broadly into several categories: Transactional Non-transactional
  • 20. Top 10 E-Commerce websites in India:
  • 21. Advantages: 1) More products and services: EC provides with more choices; they can select from many vendors and from more products. 2) Cheaper products: EC frequently provides consumers with less expensive products and services by allowing them to shop in many places and conduct quick comparisons. 3) Ubiquity: EC provides consumers to shop or perform other transactions year round, 24 hours a day, from almost any location.
  • 22. Disadvantages: 1) Some customers like to feel and touch products. Also, customers are resistant to the change from a real to a virtual store. 2) People do not yet sufficiently trust paperless, faceless transactions. 3) There is an increase amount of fraud on the Internet.
  • 23. 23
  • 24. 24

Editor's Notes

  1. A consumer uses Web browser to connect to the home page of a merchant's Web site on the Internet. The consumer browses the catalog of products featured on the site and selects items to purchase. The selected items are placed in the electronic equivalent of a shopping cart. When the consumer is ready to complete the purchase of selected items, she provides a bill-to and ship-to address for purchase and delivery. When the merchant's Web server receives this information, it computes the total cost of the order-including tax, shipping, and handling charges and then displays the total to the customer. The customer can now provide payment information, such as a credit card number, and then submit the order. When the credit card number is validated and the order is completed at the Commerce Server site, the merchant's site displays a receipt confirming the customer's purchase.
  2. Example: A government has a projects, it needs some material, so different companies fill the tender, and one of them gets contract from government. Then, that company will provide the material for the government project. If all these processes are taking place through websites, then it will be B2G e-commerce.
  3. For example, if a government sells houses of its housing scheme to general public, through a website; it will be G2C e-commerce.
  4. For example, if government sells the bankrupt business firm to another business through a web site, it will be G2B e-commerce.