2. Water resource
ID.No. Name Topic
14BSFSTH004 Patricia Introduction
14BSFSTH044 Prastuti Sources of water
14BSFSTH035 Wada sources
14BSFSTH054 Amit Water cycle
14BSFTSH078 Rashmi panday Water pollution
14BSFSTH100 Pem Zam Wastage of water,
waterborne disease
14BSFSTH087 Lata Flood
14BSFSTH026 Hameihswa Importance of water
14BSFSTH067 Ashwini singh Depletion of water
14BSFSTH Julie
14BSFSTH Arvind
14BSFSTH097 Rhon Water conservation
14BSFSTH106 Shekhar conclusion
4. Sources of fresh water
๏ 1.Surface water
๏ Surface water is water in a river, lake or fresh
water wetland. Surface water is naturally replenished
by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to
the oceans, evaporation, evapotranspiration and groundwa
ter recharge
๏ 2.Under river flow
๏ Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water
transported downstream will often be a combination of the
visible free water flow together with a substantial
contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that
underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic
zone.
6. ๏ 4.Frozen water
๏ Several schemes have been proposed to make use
of icebergs as a water source, however to date this has only
been done for research purposes. Glacier runoff is
considered to be surface water.
๏ 5.Desalination
๏ Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water
(generally sea water) is converted to fresh water. The most
common desalination processes are distillation and reverse
osmosis. Desalination is currently expensive compared to
most alternative sources of water, and only a very small
fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination
7. Sources Of Water
๏ Life is possible on earth due to the presence of
water. Nearly three-fourths of the earth's
surface is covered with water. Water is also
found below the earth's surface. It is present in
air in the form of water vapour. About 70 per
cent of the human body is water. The bodies of all
plants and animals contain water.
8. Sources of Water
๏ Rainwater, oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds
and springs are natural sources of water. Dams,
wells, tube wells, hand-pumps, canals, etc, are
man-made sources of water.
10. โขSurface Water:
Water present on the surface of the earth in the
form of oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams
is called surface water. The water in rivers and
lakes comes from rain and melting of snow on
mountains. Rivers flow into the sea.
11. โขUnderground Water:
Some of the rainwater seeps through the soil
on to the non-porous rocks below. This is
underground water. Sometimes due to high
pressure, this water sprouts out in the form of
springs. It can be obtained by digging wells,
sinking tube wells, etc
12. Water cycle
๏ The water cycle is the continuous movement of water all around
the Earth. The water cycle is like a big circle and doesnโt really
have a starting point. There are 4 main stages involved in water
cycle i.e. evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff.
So, how does this cycle works? When the sun shines, the water
from the ocean or lake evaporates due to heat from the sun.
When it evaporates, it turns into water vapor and goes up into
the atmosphere. This water vapor gets together with other water
vapor and turns into a cloud. When clouds get dense, they drop
the water back to Earth in some form of precipitation like rain,
snow, hail or sleet. When the water falls back down to the Earth,
they find their way on the ground surface into puddles, streams
and rivers. Again this water will evaporate and the whole cycle
will start again.
13.
14. Steps in the water cycle
๏ There are four main steps in the water cycle. They
are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and
collection. Let's look at each of these stages.
Evaporation: This is when warmth from the sun
causes water from oceans, lakes, streams, ice and
soils to rise into the air and turn into water vapour
(gas). Water vapour droplets join together to make
clouds.
Condensation: This is when water vapour in the
air cools down and turns back into liquid water.
15. ๏ Precipitation: This is when water (in the form of rain,
snow, hail or sleet) falls from clouds in the sky.
Collection: This is when water that falls from the clouds as
rain, snow, hail or sleet, collects in the oceans, rivers, lakes,
streams. Most will infiltrate (soak into) the ground and will
collect as underground water.
The water cycle is powered by the sun's energy and by
gravity. The sun starts the whole cycle by heating all the
Earth's water and making it evaporate. Gravity makes the
moisture fall back to Earth.
16. Water pollution is one of the main concerns of the world
today. The most concerned pollutant of water resource is
the discharge of raw sewage ,sludge, garbage and toxic
pollutants into natural fresh water.
Water pollution
17. Water Pollution
Even if sewage is treated, problems still arise. Treated
sewage forms sludge, which may be placed in landfills,
spread out on land, incinerated or dumped at sea. In
addition to sewage, nonpoint source pollution such as
agricultural runoff is a significant source of pollution
in some parts of the world, along with urban
stormwater runoff and chemical wastes dumped by
industries and governments.
18. Wastage of water
Reasons for wastage
โขCarelessness
โขUnawareness
โขAbundant availability
โขDamage to water pipes
โขPollution of fresh water by industrial waste
19. How people waste water
1. Running water while brushing
2. Leaky taps and faucets
3. Taking long showers and bathing
4. Flushing toilet
5. Sprinklers and fountains
6. Dish washing
7. Swimming pools
8. Washing car
9. Washing machine
20. Waterborne Diseases
Common waterborne
diseases How diseases spread
Name Causative agent
1. Cholera Vibrio cholerae
2. Dysentery Shigella
dysenteriae
3. Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi
4. Poliomyelitis Polio virus
5. Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus
7. E. coli infection Escherichia coli
8. Taeniasis Taenia (tape
worm)
21. Contaminated fresh water, improper sewage, industrial
waste in river, unboiled water etc causes water borne
diseases
Diseases can be prevented from spreading by boiling
water, reducing waste, washing hands and in short
preventing water pollution.
22. Flood
A disastrous overflow of water from a lake or other body
of water due to excessive rainfall or other input of water.
Causes of flood
๏ Intensive monsoon rain
๏ Unusual tidal activity
๏ Damage to man-made dams
๏ Outburst of lakes in the high mountains
๏ Melting of snow caused by global warming.
23. Effects of flood
๏ Environmental damage
๏ Loss of homes and shelter
๏ Destruction to agricultural resources
๏ Economic instability
๏ Spread of diseases
๏ Threat of social unrest
24. 1)IRRIGATION-Only about 62 million hectare or about 44%
of the crop area in the country is reported as irrigated
today
-Drinking water supply: the access to save dringking water in
urban India was about 90% in the year 1990 and 93% in
the year 2000 where as in rural areas access to drinking
water has increase from 58% in 1990 to about 70% in the
year 2008
2)HYDROPOWER: India is endowed with estimimated with
hydro power potential of more than 1500 mega watts.
However, only about 21% of the potential been develop so
far and a further 10% being developed.
25.
26.
27. Sewage, sludge, garbage, and even toxic pollutants are all dumped into the water, so
water is being polluted everyday. Consequently, amount of fresh water decreases.
