2. Original Article
findings and details of followup were obtained from the med- Table 1. The frequency of involved organs in our
ical records. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level lower study
than 13 g/dL in men and lower than 12 g/dL in women;
thrombocytopenia was defined as a platelet level lower than Involved organ Frequency (%)
150,000/ L; and leukopenia was considered to be a leuko-
Lung
cyte count lower than 4000/ L.
Miliary pattern 34 (68)
It should be noted that, similar to pulmonary TB, four-
Other pattern 7 (14)
drug regimens (consisting of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazin-
Bone and joint
amide and ethambutol) had been applied in all the patients
Vertebral column 3 (6)
enrolled in this study. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol were
Wrist 3 (6)
discontinued after two months; isoniazid and rifampin were
Shoulder 2 (4)
used for the maximum period of 12 months, depending on
Sternoclavicular 1 (2)
the patient and on the physician’s decision. Corticosteroids
Elbow 1 (2)
were prescribed in patients with disseminated TB with
Knee 1 (2)
pericardial or meningeal involvement, as well as in those
Sacroiliac 1 (2)
with marked constitutional symptoms. The databases were
Rib 1 (2)
analyzed by SPSS® v.13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The chi-
Ankle 1 (2)
square test was used for the categorical variables, and the
Reticuloendothelial system
Mann-Whitney U test was used for the contentious ones.
Lymph node 8 (16)
Spleen 6 (12)
Bone marrow 5 (10)
Results
Liver 3 (6)
Fifty patients were found to have disseminated TB dur-
Serosal membranes
ing the study period. Nineteen (38%) patients were female
Peritoneum 5 (10)
and thirty-one (62%) were male, with a mean age of 39 17
Pleura 3 (6)
years (range: 9 to 87 years). Thirty-nine patients (78%) were
Pericardium 2 (4)
Iranian, and the others were from Afghanistan. None of the
Skin (cutaneous abscess) 3 (6)
patients had a previous history of TB, while six had a positive
Meninges 2 (4)
family history for TB. Twenty-seven patients (54%) had a
Muscle 2 (4)
history of predisposing factors including diabetes mellitus,
Paravertebral 1 (2)
intravenous drug abuse, long-term corticosteroid therapy, and
Psoas 1 (2)
HIV infection.
Intestine (ileocecal area) 1 (2)
The mean duration of symptoms before presentation was
Epiglottis 1 (2)
3.1 months, and the mean time from hospitalization to diag-
Kidney 1 (2)
nosis was reported to be 7 days. Fever, fatigue and malaise,
loss of appetite, and weight loss were reported in all of the
patients. The involved organs are shown in Table 1. Hema-
tologic abnormalities including anemia, leukopenia, and years; six (66.7%) were male; seven (77.8%) were Iranian;
thrombocytopenia were frequent in our cases. Leukopenia and five (54%) had underlying predisposing factors. The com-
and thrombocytopenia were both reported in 13 (26%) of the parison of gender, nationality, predisposing factors, and he-
patients. Mean hemoglobin, white blood cell and platelet lev- matologic abnormality between living and deceased patients
els in our patients were 9.2 g/dL, 3100/ L, and 65,000/ L, is shown in Table 2. The mortality rate was significantly
respectively. associated with the presence of pancytopenia (P 0.001),
A typical miliary pattern was observed on the CXR of 34 diabetes mellitus (P 0.03), and idoxuridine (IDU)(P
patients (68%). Nine patients had a normal CXR. Paraverte- 0.04); however, steroid use and HIV were not significantly
bral abscess with involvement of the rib, elbow, and thoracic associated with a greater mortality rate (P 0.05). Logis-
vertebrae were observed in one case. One patient suffered tic regression revealed diabetes mellitus as a confounding
from several abscesses in the psoas, paravertebral, thigh, and factor, pancytopenia as a protective factor (P 0.001; OR:
ankle region. Unilateral pleural effusion and pericardial ef- 0.03), and IDU as a predictive factor (P 0.04; odds ratio
fusion were simultaneously reported in one patient. Medias- [OR]: 4.66).
tinal adenopathy was seen in two patients. One had a pattern Meningitis was the cause of death in one patient; other
of diffuse bronchopneumonia on CXR. deaths were reported to be secondary to disseminated intra-
Of the nine patients who died, six (67%) had a typical vascular coagulation (DIC), acute respiratory distress syn-
miliary pattern on CXR; three (33.3%) were between 60 to 69 drome (ARDS) and massive hemoptysis. Clinical improve-
Southern Medical Journal • Volume 101, Number 9, September 2008 911
4. Original Article
miliary pattern, altered mental status and failure to treat TB. 6. Raviglione MC, O’Brien RT. Tuberculosis, in Kasper DL, Braunwald E,
However, in our study, we failed to find any relation between Fauci AS, et al (eds): Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New
York, McGraw Hill Companies, 2005, ed 16, pp 953–966.
mortality rate and these factors; leukopenia and thrombocy-
7. Maher D, Raviglione MC. The global epidemic of tuberculosis: a World
topenia were the sole factors significantly correlated with Health Organization perspective, in Sclossberg D (ed): Tuberculosis and
mortality rate in our study. Different mortality rates have Nontunberculosis Mycobacterial Infections. Philadelphia, WB, Saunders
been reported in different studies, ranging from 10 to 64%.4,21 Co, 1999, ed 4, pp 104 –115.
In Mert et al’s study, the mortality rate was similar to ours. In 8. Al Jahdali H, Al Zahrani K, Amene P, et al. Clinical aspects of miliary
our study, four patients died because of the discontinuation of tuberculosis in Saudi adults. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000;4:252–255.
treatment and the others died due to meningitis, ARDS and 9. von Reyn CF. The significance of bacteremic tuberculosis among per-
sons with HIV infection in developing countries. AIDS 1999;13:2193–
hemoptysis.5 Al Jahdali et al have documented a mortality 2195.
rate of 21%. Their study revealed an age-related comorbid 10. Crump JA, Reller LB. Two decades of disseminated tuberculosis at a
condition.8 University medical center: the expanding role of mycobacterial blood
culture. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1037–1043.
Conclusion 11. Kazanjian PH. Fever of unknown origin: review of 86 patients treated in
community hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:968 –973.
As disseminated tuberculosis may present with various
manifestations, it should always be kept in mind, especially in 12. Illingsworth RS, Wright T. Tubercles of the choroids. BMJ 1948;2:365–
368.
the presence of hematological derangements.
13. Milea D, Fardeau C, Lumbroso L, et al. Indocyanine green angiography
in choroidal tuberculomas. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:753.
Acknowledgment 14. Helm C, Holland GN. Ocular tuberculosis. Serv Ophthalmol 1993;38:
We are indebted to the Research and Development Cen- 229 –256.
ter of Amir-Alam Hospital for their support. 15. Iseman MD. A Clinician’s Guide to Tuberculosis. Philadelphia, Lippin-
cott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
References 16. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Pande JN, et al. Clinical profile, laboratory
characteristics and outcome in miliary tuberculosis. QJM 1995;88:
1. Golden MP, Vikram HR. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview. Am 29 –37.
Fam Physician 2005;72:1761–1768.
17. Kwong JS, Carignan S, Kang EY, et al. Miliary tuberculosis. Diagnostic
2. Klautau GB, Kuschnaroff TM. Clinical forms and outcomes of tuber-
accuracy of chest radiography. Chest 1996;110:339 –342.
culosis in HIV-infected patients in a tertiary hospital in Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2005;9:464 – 478. 18. Long R, O’Connor R, Palayew M, et al. Disseminated tuberculosis with
and without miliary pattern on chest radiography: a clinical pathological
3. Kalita J, Misra UK, Ranjan P. Tuberculous meningitis with pulmonary
radiologic correlation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997;1:52–58.
miliary tuberculosis: a clinicoradiological study. Neurol India 2004;52:
194 –196. 19. Chandra KS, Prasad AS, Prasad CE, et al. Recurrent pneumothoraces in
miliary tuberculosis. Trop Geogr Med 1998;40:347–349.
4. Maartens G, Willcox PA, Benatar SR. Miliary tuberculosis: rapid diag-
nosis, hematologic abnormalities and outcome in 109 treated adults. 20. Seabra J, Coelho H, Barros H, et al. Acute tuberculosis therapy. J Clin
Am J Med 1990;89:291–296. Gastroenterol 1993;16:320 –322.
5. Mert A, Bilir M, Tabak F, et al. Miliary tuberculosis: clinical manifes- 21. Kim JH, Langston AA, Gallis HA. Miliary tuberculosis: epidemiology,
tations, diagnosis and outcome in 38 adults. Respirology 2001;6:217– clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:
224. 583–590.
“Everybody gets so much information all day long that
they lose their common sense.”
—Gertrude Stein
Southern Medical Journal • Volume 101, Number 9, September 2008 913