3. Case as a grammatical category used in the
analysis of word classes to define the syntactic
relationships between words in a sentence.
Crystal (Ba’dulu, 2004: 78)
Case is a grammatical category of noun or
adjective showing its relationship with other
words in a syntactic construction. Kridalaksana
(Ba’dulu, 2004: 78)
4. Example of Case System:
a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark
the relations that NPs bear to their governors.
CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language, Pitta-
Pitta.
Each case is represented by a single form.
There is one complication.
The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked.
The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix
–lu (the ergative case) that marks instruments.
5. CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES
Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE
SUBJECT)
Ergative / -lu The man hit the dog with a stick
instrumental (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and
instrumental)
Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object)
Dative / pergressive -ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog
swam through the flood
Purposive / possesive -nga The woman’s dog went for the paper
locative -ina The dog swam in the creek
allative -inu The dog went to the creek
ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek
causal -la The dog hid from the policeman
6. The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for
the subject of an intransitive verb.
It characteristically expresses the role of neutral
patient, including entities that ‘locomote’ (with ‘go’,
‘come’, etc).
These might seem to have agent subjects, but the
mover is also the moved and the activity does not
extend to an external entity.
karna karnta-ka
man go-past
The man went
7. The ergative marks the subject of a transitive
verb.
It expresses the role of agent.
It also encodes the role of instrument.
karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.
8. The accusative marks the direct object expressing
the characteristics role of affected patient.
karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu
man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)
The man hit the dog with a stick.
9. The dative function of –ku is restricted.
It marks the complement:
yatha ‘to like’
tiwa ‘be jealous of’
wapa ‘to look for’
wantili ‘to wait for’
karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku
man like-pres dog-dat
The man likes the dog.
10. The pergressive function:
‘through’
‘across’
‘along’
karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku
man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive)
The man swam through the flood
11. Exampe of purposive:
karna karnta-ka kupi-nga
man go-past fish-purp
The man went for (to get) fish
Example of possesive:
karna-nga piyawarli pantyi-ya
man-purp dog ail-pres
The man’s dog is sick
12. It indicates location in general.
Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one
entity in relation to another.
karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina
man sit-pres house-loc behind
The man is (sitting) behind the house
13. It indicates destinations.
-inya ablative
It indicates ‘from’, i.e. source.
karna karnta-ka Mount Isa-inya Dajarra-inu
man go-past Mt Isa-abl Dajarra-allative
The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra
14. It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities
that are to be avoided.
Example:
Bad spirits – not just bad whisky!
karna wilakana-ya yampi-la
man hide-pres m:in:law-causal
The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law
15. LATIN
Case System of Latin :
a.Suffixes express case
b.Number
c.Gender class
d.Irregularities, etc
17. Notes :
-The cases are distinguished on the basis of
differentiation in a single paradigm.
-The vocative is marked by a separate form only
in the second declension singular.
-There is SYNCRETISM (neutralisation) between
the nomative and vocative.
18. Nominative : marks the subject
Vocative : used to address someone
Accusative : marks direct object and the object
of some prepositions
Genitive : correspons to ‘s and of in English
Dative : marks indirect object of dare ‘to
give’ and the complement of a score
or so of verbs
Ablative : marks a number of distict roles
19. Adjective and determiners agree with their
head nouns in number, case and gender
The adjective used in the sentences below
decline like puella, servus, or bellum
according to the gender of the noun they
modify
20. Rex bonus dat unum servum puellae
(The good king gives one/a slave to the girl)
Regis servus iit ex Britaniā in Italiam
(The king’s slave went from Britain to Italy)
Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis
(That girl is staying in Italy with friends)
21. English, like the other Indo-European
languages, once had a case system like the
Latin. Old English had a case system almost
identical with that of modern German (the
system was almost identical not the
forms, although the forms were very similar
to those of German)
22. During the middle this period these were
lost (very careless) except for the sibilant
ending of the genitive (cognate with the –is
of Latin regins in the paradigms above) we
still have this, but it is not case maker
anymore. It is derivational affix that is
added to noun phrases to produce
possessive determiners.
23. The dog’s bone
The man down the street’s dog
The man over there’s dog
We write the genitive or possessive ‘s
with an apostrophe to distinguish it
from the plural –’we’ means educated
people over 35
24. With pronouns there is a two-way case
distinction: nominative versus oblique
(non-nominative). This distinction is made
suppletively, i.e. by using different stems.
Me supplies the oblique case of I, him of
he and so on
25. nominative oblique
First person singular I me
Third person singular he him
she her
it it
First person singular we us
Second person plural you you
Third person plural they them
26. In text book English the nominative
forms are used for subject and the
oblique forms for all other
functions. In real English the
nominative forms are used in
certain other constructions, eg:
between you and I.
27. In English, nouns can be distinguished two
cases, namely:
•The Unmarked Common Case
Ex: girl (singular) and girls (plural)
•The Marked Genitive Case
Example: girl’ s(singular) and girls’ (plural)
28. -A case grammar is an approach to grammar
that gives emphasis on the semantic
relationships in a sentence.
-In the case of grammar, verbs are considered
as an important part of the sentence and have
some semantic relationship with the noun
phrase. These relationships are called the
CASE.
-Example:
Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve.
This revolver killed the policeman.
29. 1.Agentive Case
* It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or
animals who perform or initiate action.
Example:
John chew the candy.
“John mengunyah permen.”
John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not
need to always be in the agentive case. In the sentence:
John likes candy.
“John menyukai permen.”
John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is
called. John in this sentence are not in the agentive case but in
the dative case. It will be discussed in the next category.
30. 2. Benefactive Case
It is the case on the noun or noun phrase that
refers to people or animals who have benefited
from the action verbs. In the English language is
connected with the preposition “for”.
Example: Tom did it for Huck.
“Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.”
Huck is in the benefactive case.
John cooked a chicken for Louise.
“John memasak ayam untuk Luise.”
John cooked Louise a chicken.
“John memasakan Louise ayam.”
Louise is in the benefactive case.
31. 3. Comitative case
It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive
relationship with other noun phrases in a sentence.
In English associated with the preposition “with”.
Example:
- Tom ran away with Huck.
“Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.”
- Tom and Huck ran away.
“Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”
32. 4. Dative Case
It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a
person or animal that is affected state or action verbs.
Example:
Gregory was frightened by storm.
“Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.”
I persuaded Tom to go.
“Saya membujuk Tom pergi.”
Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom
and Gregory is influenced by something. Gregory
intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This
case is also called experiences case.
33. 5. Factitive Case
It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to
something that is made or created by the action verbs.
Example: Tony built the shed.
“Tony membangun bangsal.”
The shed is in the case of factitive. On the other
sentence:
Tony repaired the shed.
“Tony memugar bangsal.”
The shed is not located in factitive case because the
shed had been there / standing at the time of restoration
was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the
objective case. Factitive Case is also called
result/resultativecase.
34. 6. Objective Case
It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to
anyone or anything that has a neutral relationship to the
action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no
action, do not act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means
of action.
Example:
Marry slided the onion with a knife.
“Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan pisau.”
The onion sliced easily.
“bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.”
The onion was thick.
“bawang putih itu tebal.”
The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument
(such as a knife); but instead is in the objective.
The notion of objective case had everything to do with the
traditional sense of the object. However, not everything that
is in the objective case can be an object and not all objects
can be considered to be in the objective case.
35. 7. Ergatif Case
It cases is causative, which refers to the
syntactic relation that exists between a sentence.
Example:
The car moved.
“Mobil itu bergerak.”
John moved the car.
“John menggerakkan mobil itu.”
36. 8. Instrumental Case
It is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause
of an action or state expressed by the verb, which in
English by using the preposition “with”.
Example: 1. Bella opened the door with
the key.
“Bella membuka pintu itu dengan
kunci.”
2. The door was opened with
the key by Bella.
“Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci
oleh Bella.”
3. The key opened the door.
“Kunci membuka pintu itu.”
37. 9. Locative Case
It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that
refers to the location / site of action verbs.
Example: Irene put the dictionary on the table.
“Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.”
The table is in the locative case. In English, it can
be seen by using of the preposition: on, in, at,
from.
38. Ba’dulu, Abdul Muis and Herman.
2005. Morfosintaksis. Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta.
Sofwan, Ahmad. 2011. Bahan Ajar
Morfosintaksis. Diponegoro
University.
