1. CONTENTS
8-1
8-2
8-3
8-4
8-5
8-6
8-7
Preview
Connecting ideas with and
Connecting ideas with but and or
Connecting ideas with so
Using auxiliary verbs after but and and
Using and + too, so, either, neither
Connecting ideas with because
Connecting ideas with even though/although
1

2. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
Elephants eat leaves and brush.
2

3. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
?
Flounder are fish all fish live in water.
CORRECT
Flounder are fish. All fish live in water.
3

4. PREVIEW
PUNCTUATION:
CORRECT OR
INCORRECT
?
Carrots onions and celery are vegetables.
CORRECT
Carrots, onions, and celery are vegetables.
4

5. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
We had salmon, asparagus,
and salad for dinner.
5

6. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
,
,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.
6

7. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING ITEMS WITHIN A SENTENCE
(a) NO COMMA: I ate an apple and a banana.
,
,
(b) COMMA: I ate an apple a banana and a pear.
and connects two words
and connects three or more
NO COMMA
COMMAS
7

8. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
8

9. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
,
(c) COMMA: I ate an apple and you ate a pear.
and connects two sentences
COMMA
9

10. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
.
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
10

11. 8-1 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH AND
CONNECTING TWO SENTENCES
.
(d) PERIOD: I ate an apple You ate a pear.
(e) INCORRECT: I ate an apple, you ate a pear.
period
two complete sentences
no “and”
no comma
11

12. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
I like lettuce and tomato on my cheeseburger.
12

13. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
,
I speak Hindi and you speak Swedish.
13

14. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
14

15. 8-1 LET’S PRACTICE
COMMA
NO COMMA
COMMAS
?
,
,
I like lettuce tomato and cheese
on my hamburger.
15

16. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I studied for the test,
but I failed.
16

17. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
(a) The team played well but didn’t win.
(b) Is it going to rain or snow?
(c) Would you like peas, carrots, or squash?
and, but and or
commas
“conjunctions”
connect items
series of three or more
17

18. 8-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR
I had the flu. = a sentence
I didn’t feel sick. = a sentence
(d) I had the flu, but I didn’t feel sick.
(e) Did you have the flu, or was it just a cold?
two complete
sentences with
but or or
comma
18

19. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
+
COMMA
NO COMMA
I love to eat ice cream ____
it gives me a stomachache.
19

20. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
+
COMMA
NO COMMA
,
I love to eat ice cream ____
but
it gives me a stomachache.
20

21. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
+
COMMA
NO COMMA
,
and
She goes to school, studies hard ____
gets good grades.
21

22. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
+
COMMA
NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
22

23. 8-2 LET’S PRACTICE
and
but
or
+
COMMA
NO COMMA
Would you like an apple ____ a banana.
or
23

24. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
Rajiv got a new bike, so he
went for a ride.
24

25. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
,
so
two independent clauses
25

26. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
So
results:
cause: She was tired.
result: She took a nap.
26

27. 8-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO
(a) She was tired, so she took a nap.
(b) COMPARE: She was tired, but she
didn’t take a nap.
but
unexpected result
27

28. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
so
but
He was frightened, but he didn’t cry.
___
28

29. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
so
but
She was lonely, ___ she
so
hugged her stuffed monkey.
29

30. 8-3 LET’S PRACTICE
His mother told him not to play in the mud,
___ he didn’t listen.
but
so
but
30

31. 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
He likes pizza, but I don’t.
31

32. 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(a) I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
does = play tennis
(b) I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
(c) I won’t be leaving, but Nazan will.
(d) Yi-When has been to Rome, but Jen hasn’t.
(e) She isn’t at school, but he is.
32

33. 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
(f) I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
(g) I like racketball, and Jim does too.
(h) I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
(i) Yi-When has been to Rome, and Jen has too.
(j) She isn’t at school, and he isn’t either.
33

34. 8-4 USING AUXILIARY VERBS AFTER BUT AND AND
I don’t play tennis, but Jim does.
negative + but + affirmative
I like racketball, but Jim doesn’t.
affirmative + but + negative
I won’t be leaving, and Nazan won’t either.
negative + and + negative
I don’t play tennis, and Jim doesn’t either.
negative + and + negative
34

35. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
I love to ski, but my sister does too.
CORRECT
I love to ski, and my sister does too.
35

36. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
The man is cooking, but the woman isn’t.
36

37. 8-4 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram does.
CORRECT
Lee hasn’t been to Tokyo, but Boram has.
37

38. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
Ms. Poulos plays the violin,
and her daughter does too.
38

39. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj + aux + TOO
(a) Hyun likes dogs, and Sun Hee does too.
SO + aux + subj
(b) Hyun likes dogs, and so does Sun Hee.
same meaning
39

40. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
subj + aux + EITHER
(c) Bob doesn’t like dogs, and Jay doesn’t either.
NEITHER + aux + subj
(d) Bill doesn’t like dogs, and neither does Jay.
same
meaning
40

41. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(e) I’m happy
that we are
cooking
together.
(f) I’m happy that we are
cooking together.
I am too.
So am I.
same
meaning
41

42. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(g) I don’t
like bread.
(h) I don’t like bread.
I don’t either.
Neither do I.
same
meaning
42

43. 8-5 USING AND + TOO, SO, EITHER, NEITHER
(i) I like fruit.
(j) I don’t like bread.
Me too.
Me neither.
informal
English
43

44. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
too
Em
y
a
m
ay
J
Am
J
ne
u
Amy is wearing high
Emma
heels, and _______
________________.
is too
44

45. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
so
Em
y
a
m
ay
J
Am
J
ne
u
Amy wears high
so does
heels, and _______
________________.
Emma
45

46. 8-5 LET’S PRACTICE
neither
Em
y
a
m
ay
J
Am
J
ne
u
Jay doesn’t have
long hair, and
________________.
neither does Amy
46

47. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
They are happy because they
bought a new house.
47

48. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(a) She is smiling because she is happy.
because
cause
reason
48

49. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(b) MAIN CLAUSE: She is smiling.
complete sentence
(c) ADVERB CLAUSE: because she is happy.
complete sentence
because + subject + verb = an adverb clause
49

50. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
main clause + no comma + adverb clause
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
adverb clause + comma + main clause
50

51. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
(d) She is smiling because she is happy.
(no comma)
ADVERB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
(e) Because she is happy, she is smiling.
(comma)
same meaning
51

52. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(f) INCORRECT IN WRITING:
She is smiling. Because she is happy.
Written?
must be
connected to
a main clause
52

53. 8-6 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BECAUSE
(g) CORRECT IN SPEAKING:
Why is he
laughing?
Because I told
him a joke.
53

54. 8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
Her eyes are watering. Because she is sick.
CORRECT
Her eyes are watering ________________.
because she is sick
OR
Because she is sick, __________________
her eyes are watering.
54

55. 8-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT
OR
INCORRECT
?
The woman is happy because she
loves her English class.
55

56. 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
Even though we were tired,
we didn’t rest.
56

57. 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.
57

58. 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
(a) Even though I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry even though I was very sad.
(b) Although I was very sad, I didn’t cry.
I did not cry although I was very sad.
same
even though adverb clause
+
meaning
although
58

59. 8-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOUGH /
ALTHOUGH
COMPARE:
(c) Because I was very sad, I cried.
(d) Even though I was very sad, I did not cry.
because
expected result
even though
although
unexpected result
59

60. 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even though
because
Because
___________ I wanted to become a doctor, I
went to medical school.
60

61. 8-7 LET’S PRACTICE
even though
because
Even though
___________ it was difficult
to become a doctor, I did it anyway.
61

62. PHOTO CREDITS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education and
its licensors. All rights reserved.
Images used under license from:
• Shutterstock, Inc.
• Clipart, Inc.
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