This presentation is made as school EVS Project to hi-light disasters done by human beings, it throws light on the disaster at Chernobyl formerly in USSR.

1. Man Made Diasters A presntation by 7 CVirat Singh Class St, Mary’ s Convent Inter College, Manak Nagar, Lucknow, India

2. The disaster at Chernobyl The worst manmade disaster in human history By Virat Singh Class 7 C St, Mary’ s Convent Inter College, Manak Nagar, Lucknow, India

3. Where is Chernobyl? 9/26/2010 3 Virat Singh 7 C

4. Chernobyl Built in 1978-1979 Chornobyl 9/26/2010 4 Virat Singh 7 C

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6. Background ReaktorBolshoyMoshehnostyKipyashiy RBMK, a Russian acronym translated roughly means “reactor (of) high power (of the) channel (type)” It was a reactor cooled by water and moderated by graphite 9/26/2010 6 Virat Singh 7 C

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8. RBMK Reactor 9/26/2010 8 Virat Singh 7 C

9. Fuel assemblies 9/26/2010 9 Virat Singh 7 C

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11. Reactor Plant Scenario As the reaction occurs, the uranium fuel becomes hot The water pumped through the core in pressure tubes removes the heat from the fuel The water is then boiled into steam The steam turns the turbines The water is then cooled Then the process repeats 9/26/2010 11 Virat Singh 7 C

12. The day of disaster 25 April 1986 01:00 The preparation for the test 13:47 Lowering of the reactor power halted at 1,600 MWt 14:00 The ECCS was isolated 23:10 The power reduction resumed 9/26/2010 12 Virat Singh 7 C

13. 26 April1986 24:00 Operation shift change 24:28 Power level is now 500 MWt and kept decreasing to 30 MWt 24:40 The operator withdrew some control rods 01:00 Power had risen to 200MWt 01:03 Connecting the fourth main cooling pump to the left loop of the system 200MWt 01:07 Connecting the fourth main cooling pump to the right of the loop system - this was a violation of NOP Continued to next slide 9/26/2010 13 Virat Singh 7 C

14. 26 April 1986 01:19 Increased feed water flow to the steam drums and removed more control rods -violation of NOP 01:23 The test was started 01:23:10 Automatic rods withdrawn from the core 01:23:21 Two groups of automated control rods were back to the core Continued to next slide 9/26/2010 14 Virat Singh 7 C Continued from last slide

15. 26 April 1986 01:23:30 Power kept increasing 01:23:40 Emergency button pushed 01:23:44 Power is at 300000 MW th 01:23:48 1st thermal explosion 01:23:55 2nd explosion 9/26/2010 15 Virat Singh 7 C Continued from last slide

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19. Human Errors Isolation of the emergency core cooling system Unsafe amount of control rods withdrawn Connection of the four main cooling pumps to the right and left of the system 9/26/2010 19 Virat Singh 7 C Continued to next slide

20. Human Errors The mental model The operator did not have a good mental model of the system itself The overconfidence By having an electrical engineer on site for an electrical test The confirmation of cues not obtained from the system The beta was too high Many signals were missed before the accident 9/26/2010 20 Virat Singh 7 C Continued from last slide

21. Accident Prevention 9/26/2010 21 Virat Singh 7 C

22. System Analysis Use of graphite as a moderator Lack of a well-built containment structure Inadequate instrumentation and alarms for an emergency situation There were no physical controls that prevented the operators from operating the reactor in its unstable state 9/26/2010 22 Virat Singh 7 C

23. Summary of Facts April 26, 1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant Operator errors caused a reactor explosion Explosion released 190 tons of radioactive gasses into the atmosphere Fire started that lasted 10 days People: 7 million people lived in the contaminated areas and 3 million of them were children Wind: Carried radiation to far distances 9/26/2010 23 Virat Singh 7 C

24. Far Reaching Radiation 9/26/2010 24 Virat Singh 7 C

25. Radioactive fallout 9/26/2010 25 Virat Singh 7 C

26. Direct Casualties 5.5 million people still live in contaminated areas 31 people died in 3 months of radiation poisoning 134 emergency workers suffered from acute radiation sickness 25,000 rescue workers died since then of diseases caused by radiation Cancer afflicts many others Increased birth defects, miscarriages, and stillbirths 9/26/2010 26 Virat Singh 7 C

27. Indirect Casualties By the year 2000 there were 1800 case of thyroid cancer in children and adolescent High number of suicide and violent death among Firemen, policemen, and other recovery workers 9/26/2010 27 Virat Singh 7 C

28. Environment Impact Areas still impacted today: Soil Ground Water Air Food Crops Livestock 9/26/2010 28 Virat Singh 7 C

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34. Problems Today The Sarcophagus After the disaster, a huge cement box was built around the radioactive material It is falling apart! According to a 2003 report by the Russian Atomic Energy Minister, Alexander Rumyantsev, "the concrete shell surrounding the Chernobyl nuclear reactor is in real danger of collapsing at any time." A new Sarcophagus is scheduled to be completed in 2012 9/26/2010 34 Virat Singh 7 C

35. Recommendations Have proper Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for both normal and emergency situations Have scheduled trainings and practices for normal and emergency situations 9/26/2010 35 Virat Singh 7 C Continued to next slide

36. Recommendations A reactor expert must be always there on site Any cues from the system must be confirmed by operators before making hypothesis or take action An environment of team work must be formed so that every body is involved 9/26/2010 36 Virat Singh 7 C Continued from last slide

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38. 9/26/2010 Virat Singh 7 C 38 For viewing this slide show Virat Singh