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Avoid Plagiarism Guide
- 1. Plagiarism What it is and how to avoid it
- 2. Objectives ● Understand of what is plagiarism ○ Aware of the different types of plagiarism ● Aware of tips to use to avoid plagiarism ○ Eliminate or reduce incidents of plagiarism
- 3. Expectations when writing essays ● Do research ● Find scholarly literature ● Support your arguments using literature ● Use good scholarly practices when using literature
- 4. What is plagiarism? You commit plagiarism in written work when you use another person’s words, ideas or opinions without acknowledging them as being from that other person. NB: Need to give credit ideas in any format ● Any written text ● Diagram/illustration/picture ● Table/data UCT. 2005. Avoiding plagiarism: a guide for students.
- 6. Obvious forms of plagiarism ● Copying another student’s work & submitting (all or part) as your own ● Word-for-word copying phrase, sentence or paragraph without: ○ Putting copied words in quotation marks ○ Adding a citation ● Paraphrasing without citing ● Paying someone to write your paper ● Direct translation into English of a paper - or large sections of writing - written in another language ● Self citation - Using substantive extracts from your own earlier work without acknowledgement
- 7. Other forms of plagiarism ● Unintentional plagiarism ○ Forgetting to put quotation marks ○ Forgetting to include in-text citations ○ Citing work and forgetting to add in reference list ○ Not formatting citations properly ○ Making careless errors while writing down references ● Improper paraphrasing ○ changing words a little or using synonyms but keeping the same sentence structure ● Citing sources that you didn’t actually use
- 8. The Plagiarism Spectrum – (by Turnitin) Identifies 10 types of plagiarism based on findings from a worldwide survey
- 9. Clone Submitting another’s work, word-for-word as one’s own Contains significant portions of text from a single source without alterations CTRL+C
- 10. Find - Replace Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the sources Paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together No acknowledgement Remix
- 11. Recycle Borrow generously from your own previous work without citation Self-citation Combines perfectly cited sources with copied passages without citation Hybrid
- 12. Mashup Mixes copied material from multiple sources No citation Includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate information about sources 404 Error
- 13. Aggregator Includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work Includes proper citation to sources but relies too closely on the original wording and/or structure Re-tweet
- 14. Why do students plagiarise? ● Procrastination or poor time management ● Ignorance - Poor understanding of the nature of plagiarism ● Get good marks - pressure to succeed ● Low self-esteem ● Lack of interest in assignment or topic ● Beating the system - believe they will not be caught ● Not appreciating the importance of good academic practices ● Easy and tempting to copy from the Internet
- 15. Identifying plagiarism in students’ work ● Document style and layout ○ Appearance, font, indentation, punctuation that do not make sense ● Change in writing style ○ Active voice to passive voice, grammar, sentence structure ● Out of date or hard to find sources ○ Just to fill reference list ● Different spelling ● Student is unable to talk about his/her work and justify their own argument ● Turnitin - plagiarism software
- 16. How to avoid plagiarism ● Most important thing is citing and referencing your sources ○ Give credit where it is due/Acknowledging where you got your information ● Consult the appropriate reference style guide ○ UCT Author-Date
- 17. How to avoid plagiarism - When reading literature ● Write down the FULL reference of the source ○ Websites - include URL and date accessed ● Note specifically where you find information ○ Include page numbers ○ Bookmark web pages ○ Highlight text in different colours ● Manually take notes
- 18. How to avoid plagiarism - When taking notes manually ● Read original passage/source until you understand its meaning ● Use your own words ● Take notes of the most essential information ● Clearly mark notes to distinguish ○ word-for-word quotations (Q) ○ paraphrases (P) ○ your own information (S)
- 19. How to avoid plagiarism – When using the information gathered in your essay ● Paraphrase - using your own words to capture the essence of the original ○ restate, synonyms, sentence structure ○ Focuses on a particular section of a text ● Direct quotation ○ Taking words directly from a text and using quotation marks ● Summarise - highly condensed form of paraphrase ○ the essence of a whole article or book is conveyed in a few sentences or paragraphs
- 20. How to avoid plagiarism - When paraphrasing ● Write your paraphrase without looking at the original text ● Use your own words ○ In other words …. ● Check your version with the original for content, accuracy and borrowed phrases ● Put any unique words or phrases you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks ● Ensure you note exact page numbers
- 21. How to avoid plagiarism - When taking direct quotations ● Use sparingly ○ Only when you can’t capture the essence in any other way ○ Only take quotations that make the most impact in your paper ○ Too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style ● Put quotation marks around the copied text ○ Quotations of 40 words or more can be placed in block settings (both margins indented) without quotation marks ● Ensure you note exact page number
- 22. How to avoid plagiarism Ways of indicating that you are using someone else’s work ● Use a variety of reporting verbs e.g. Lowe (2018:5) … notes…asserts…writes…suggests…states…concludes…explains…continues…in dicates… insists…demonstrates…recommends…argues…says… proposes...points out...
- 23. How to avoid plagiarism Ways of indicating that you are using someone else’s work: According to Lowe (2018:5), the exchange rate In his analysis, Lowe (2018:5) points out that … As noted by Lowe (2018:5), the exchange rate Lowe (2018:5) argues that the exchange rate … Lowe (2018:5) proposes that “the exchange rate …”
- 24. What happens if you plagiarise? ● Get zero for plagiarised work ● May fail the course ● Matter referred VC or nominee for possible disciplinary action ● A conviction for cheating on your academic record ● If substantial, may be expelled
- 25. Recap ● Note where you find information ● Read until you understand ● Take notes in your own words ● Change sentence structure when you paraphrase ● Use quotation marks when you copy word-for-word ● Always include in-text citation ● Reference list of all material cited ● Use UCT Author-date referencing style
- 27. Acknowledgement: Some content has been adapted from: https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/UCD_Policy_on_Plagiarism_and_FAQ.pdf https://www.um.edu.mt/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/261324/avdplagiarism.pdf https://libraries.wsu.edu/library-instruction/plagiarism/how-avoid-it/apa https://www.turnitin.com/static/plagiarism-spectrum/
Editor's Notes
- Put simply, plagiarism is when you claim the words or ideas of others as your own.
- Not all plagiarism is deliberate, but even inadvertent plagiarism will be severely penalized. It is therefore your responsibility to know what will be regarded as plagiarism and to know how to avoid it.
- Buying essays from cheat sites or ghost writing services
- Improper paraphrasing: Even changing the words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style is still considered plagiarism.
- CTRL+C - Copying word-for-word from one source. Not done enough research (Are there citations?)
- Find – Replace - Only changing key word Remix - Managed to put ideas in own words but there is no acknowledgement of original authors
- Mashup - Copying word-for-word from various sources without citation. Variation of Ctrl + C which uses one source
- Aggregator - When citing you are supposed to be backing up your arguments - (evidence or example to support what you want to say) Re-tweet - Failed attempt at paraphrase
- There are many reasons students choose to plagiarize Students who leave their work for the last minute can be tempted to take shortcuts, such as cutting and pasting text from websites without attribution Some students are unclear about what plagiarism is, with the result that they are liable to plagiarise without realising that they have done so. Students who do not have confidence in their own abilities can sometimes see plagiarism as a way of improving their work and, therefore, their marks. Students who just don’t care about the topic assigned. They don’t think it’s worth their time and energy. So they choose to plagiarize to complete it fast and get back to what they do like.
- Document style and layout : appearance, change in fonts, indentation, punctuation that do not make sense Changes in writing style : after some style changes might indicate text from another author. Student suddenly sounds sophisticated than usual Hard to find or out of date sources : obscure sources, sometimes just to fill the bibliography. Students should always be up-to-date with latest resources and research and reference accordingly. Sources should be checked That sources are actually available and how they were accessed. Failure to answer the question : Work should be consistent throughout and have the Research question in mind. If student is unable to talk about his/her work and justify their own argument, it is dubious Turnitin : leading plagiarism software against a vast database of student work, online sources and archived content. An originality report is sent on the value of the authenticity of a piece of work Spelling and phrases: a different way of spelling than in the local area is used is supicious. Word and meaning could change if copied.
- Give credit - you want it clear which arguments of your essay are based on other people’s work
- Yes
- Yes
- make sure that you change the words and the way the sentence is put together. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only change someone's words very slightly Word Order: but change this example Eg. Smith argues that… It has been argued that… Source: Bangani. 2015. Writing workshop slides
- make sure that you change the words and the way the sentence is put together. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only change someone's words very slightly
- Not all plagiarism is deliberate, but even inadvertent plagiarism will be severely penalized. It is therefore your responsibility to know what will be regarded as plagiarism and to know how to avoid it. A conviction for cheating on your academic record is likely to limit your career opportunities.