Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs Could Enable a Moores Law for Energy - Nov 19 2014

November 19, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 1
LENRs could enable Moore’s Law for Energy
Exponential increases in our energy supplies are needed
To meet future demand from universal electrification and connectivity at
a reasonable societal cost along with drastic reduction of CO2 emissions
Commercializing a next-generation source of green CO2-free nuclear energy
Lattice Energy LLC
Contact us directly for further details: 1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/presentations
Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
November 19, 2014
“Energy, broadly defined, has become the
most important geostrategic and
geoeconomic challenge of our time.”
Thomas Friedman
New York Times, April 28, 2006
Feb. 18, 2015: added & revised in Slides #54 - 66; discuss reasons for oil price drop since July 2014 and what signs may signal a bottom

Key take-away points about LENRs and future of energy
Make no mistake -- real price of oil still remains in a long-term uptrend
Key macroeconomic datum: today’s real price of oil is still high in historical terms
To use American football slang, today’s price weakness in crude oil markets is very
likely to be a “head fake” - temporary misdirection about market’s long-term direction
In context of huge increases in U.S. oil and gas production thanks to fracking, such
price weakness has caused much hand-wringing by many pundits and media about the
possibility of an even further collapse in oil prices - we beg to disagree with that view
Underneath all of this - barring some freakish economic shock event - world economic
activity is still gradually crawling out of the aftermath of the Great Recession in fits and
starts with GDP now decelerating in China and Europe; U.S. economy finally starting to
reaccelerate smoothly; that has sent USA’s stock market indices to new all-time highs
Our view of the future differs from many: persistent long-term energy usage trends
discussed herein suggest to Lattice that it’s not just about renewables vs. fossil fuels; in
ensuing years the world will need ALL of the energy that can possibly be gotten from all
available sources; the key trick is to be able to slash global CO2 emissions in parallel
By transforming oil and coal into ‘green’ CO2-free LENR fuels, commercialization of
LENRs offers an opportunity to cut the Gordian Knot of sustainable economic growth

November 19, 2014 Logo copyright, Apple Inc. 3
Lattice Energy LLC
“Think different" was an advertising slogan for Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer Inc.) in 1997 created by
the Los Angeles office of advertising agency TBWAChiatDay (unreleased version narrated by Steve Jobs himself)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEPhLqwKo6g

By the world very gradually switching power generation
technologies from presently dominant chemical
combustion processes to instead using transmutation
of LENR Carbon-based fuels derived directly from
petroleum and coal, oil companies have an opportunity
to dramatically extend the effective longevity of today’s
remaining in-ground supplies of fossil fuels.
Achieving this goal could postpone mankind’s day of
reckoning on energy for thousands of years, enable
high rates of sustainable global economic growth, and
allow future consumers to enjoy abundant supplies of
affordable, nonpolluting, CO2-free energy
Lattice Energy LLC

Lattice Energy LLC
It is a risk to develop LENRs.
What if it doesn't work out?
Ah ......... but what if it does.
Adapted from a quotation of American book author Peter McWilliams (1949 - 2000)

Lattice Energy LLC
LENRs solve issue of future “Carbon bubble” asset risk
Bank of England et al. weigh risks of “stranded” in-ground fossil fuels
Not only do such risks disappear but LENRs increase energetic value by 5,000x
Quoted directly from news story by Damian Carrington, The Guardian online, December 1, 2014 at 08:47 EST
"The Bank of England is to conduct an enquiry into the risk of fossil fuel companies causing a major
economic crash if future climate change rules render their coal, oil and gas assets worthless."
"The concept of a 'carbon bubble' has gained rapid recognition since 2013, and is being taken
increasingly seriously by some major financial companies including Citibank, HSBC and Moody’s,
but the Bank’s enquiry is the most significant endorsement yet from a regulator."
"The concern is that if the world’s government’s meet their agreed target of limiting global warming
to 2o C by cutting carbon emissions, then about two-thirds of proven coal, oil and gas reserves
cannot be burned. With fossil fuel companies being among the largest in the world, sharp losses in
their value could prompt a new economic crisis.”
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/dec/01/bank-of-england-investigating-risk-of-carbon-bubble

Exponential functions and nonlinear growth …………..………….…………………………. 8 - 11
Moore’s Law, transistors, and prices of integrated circuit chips .…………………..….. 12 - 21
Exponential growth of technologies and evolutionary time-lags …….…………………. 22 - 27
1880 to today: experience curve effect reduced real price of electricity …............... 28 - 31
Commercialization of new technologies impacts per capital energy usage ….......... 32 - 37
Correlations between GDP growth, categories of energy use, and emissions …....... 38 - 41
Stage being set for new surge in energy use per capita …………….……………………. 42
Exponentially increasing CO2 emissions: is there a new way to avoid this? ……….…. 43
Today 1.5 billion people or ~21% of world population are without electricity ………… 44 - 45
Fossil fuel supplies are shrinking but world still needs dense energy sources ………. 46 - 47
S-curves provide insights into temporal evolution of technologies and products …... 48 - 52
Long-term historical perspective: recent oil price moves and real price of energy … 53 - 67
World needs new type of affordable CO2-free dense primary energy source ………... 68 - 69
Existing nuclear energy sources have problems: LENRs may provide solution ……… 70 - 71
Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and nanotech ………………………….………… 72 - 87
LENRs can transform aromatic fractions of oil and coal into green LENR fuels …….. 88 - 94
Commercializing LENRs could potentially enable a Moore’s Law of energy ………….. 95 - 97
Working with Lattice ………………………………………………………………………………. 98
LENRs could enable society to “shoot the curl” …………………………………………….. 99
Additional reading for the technically inclined …………………………………………….... 100
Lyrics excerpt: Bon Jovi “Livin’ on a prayer” (1986) ……………………………………….. 101

Exponential processes can be hard to grasp without charts

Nonlinear phenomena can rapidly increase or decrease in value
Exponential functions are nonlinear
Great many natural and economic processes are driven by nonlinear dynamics
Relationship in which
an increase in value
of the independent
variable x gives the
same proportional
change (in this case
an increase in value
that equals 2x) in the
dependent variable, a
nonlinear exponential
function y = f(x)

Numerical values of both x-axis and y-axis scales increase linearly
Plots illustrates one linear vs. two nonlinear datasets
Nonlinear datasets plotted against linear x- and y-axes scales appear curved
Linear increase
Nonlinear exponential increase
Curves
Straight
line

If linear x-axis values plotted against y-axis values on logarithmic scale
US real GDP increased ~ exponentially from 1928 to 2010
And slope is ~ straight line then relationship between two datasets is exponential
Solid points are inflation-corrected
U.S. Gross National Product (GDP)
as a function of year. Source: U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis
(http://www.bea.gov). The solid red
curve is exponential growth formula
with a doubling time of 20 years.
Example of a semi-log graph of exponential data

Number of transistors per IC chip will increase exponentially over time
Moore’s Law of integrated circuits hypothesized in 1965
“The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months.”
Gordon Moore, Co-founder of Intel Corp. (1965 paper)
Source: http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publications/Books/Understanding-Moores-Law/Understanding-Moores-Law_Chapter-07.pdf
Quoted from “Moore’s Law at Forty” book chapter by Gordon Moore published in “Moore’s Law - Four
Decades of Innovation”, David Brock, ed., Chemical Heritage Foundation pp. 68 (2006)
"This is rapid growth! In fact, there was even a period during the 1970s when the
industry was more than doubling the total number of transistors ever made every
year, so that more electronics were built each year than existed at the beginning
of the year. The pace has slowed recently but is still on a good growth curve.
Interestingly, there are no bumps and wiggles in this transistor output curve
(Figure 2) as there are in the plot of revenue over time (Figure 1). Transistor
output has steadily expanded. Today we have reached over 1018 transistors a
year. That is a hard number to contemplate. Patrick Gelsinger of Intel estimates
that present transistor output equals the number of grains of rice produced
globally each year. Over the years, I have used a variety of similar comparisons.
At one stage, Edward O. Wilson, the well-known naturalist at Harvard, had
estimated that there were perhaps 1016 to 1017 ants on earth. In the early 1990s,
then, the semiconductor industry was producing a transistor for every ant.”

Growth in total number of transistors per IC chip definitely exponential
Chart compares Moore’s 1975 projection vs. actual data
Transistors per memory chip grew at higher nonlinear rate than microprocessors
Source Fig. 9 in “Moore’s Law at Forty” (2006):
http://www.chemheritage.org/Downloads/Publicati
ons/Books/Understanding-Moores-
Law/Understanding-Moores-Law_Chapter-07.pdf

Individual transistor size decreased while increasing total area of dies
What factors made Moore’s 1975 projection work so well?
Industry crammed ever-smaller transistors onto larger areas of chip ‘real estate’
Quoted from “Moore’s Law at Forty” book chapter by Gordon Moore published in “Moore’s Law -
Four Decades of Innovation”, David Brock, ed., Chemical Heritage Foundation pp. 73 (2006)
"One of the factors I named the 'die size contribution.' In the semiconductor industry, the
term die is used for the area on a processed wafer that contains a single device [IC chip].
After a wafer is completely processed, the wafer is cut into many 'dice,' each containing a
single integrated circuit [i.e., a fully functional microprocessor or memory chip]. The 'die
size contribution' factor in Figure 7 reflects how the semiconductor industry was making
larger devices (with increased die sizes) and therefore had more area onto which to put
components. A second, slightly larger contribution to the complexity increase was
'dimension reduction.' This was the shrinking of component dimensions, which led to an
increase in the density. Multiplying these two contributions results in a curve that
represents the combined effect on complexity growth of 'die size and dimensions.' This
combined contribution was responsible for more than half of the progress that the
industry had made on the complexity curve, but there remained a very considerable
element that came from some other factor. On the graph, I labeled this factor the
'contribution of device and circuit cleverness.' This factor I identified with squeezing waste
space out of the chip, getting rid of isolation structures and a variety of other things."

x-axis scale is linear and y-axis scale is logarithmic: plot ~ straight line
Moore’s Law of integrated circuits is clearly exponential
Microprocessor internal clock speeds also increased exponentially over this time
Intel 4004 CPU (1971)

Moore’s Law from 1900 re $ cost and speed of calculations
Source: http://www.singularity.com/charts/page67.html

Price per transistor decreased exponentially over this time period
Price drop from Moore’s Law and Experience Curve Effect
Figure 3. Average price of a transistor in US$ (1968 - 2004)
Source of Figure: “Moore’s Law at Forty” book
chapter by Gordon Moore published in “Moore’s
Law - Four Decades of Innovation”, David Brock,
ed., Chemical Heritage Foundation pp. 70 (2006)
Source of data: Intel/WSTS, May 2005

Was developed and elaborated by Boston Consulting Group in the 1960s
Idealized relationship between direct cost/unit and total cumulative unit production
Source: Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects
An experience curve, which differs somewhat from a so-called “learning curve,” is a graphical
representation of a price phenomenon that was developed and widely publicized as a corporate
strategy tool by Bruce Henderson, founder of the Boston Consulting Group. Concept refers to
effect that manufacturers learn from doing, which means that the higher the cumulative volume
of production, the lower the direct cost per new unit of produced product. Thus, experience
curves are innately convex and have downward slopes, as shown in two graphs below:
Experience Curve effect can reduce real product prices

Cost/megawatt for steam turbines dropped as unit volumes increased
Experience Curve effect can reduce real product prices
Empirical data shows that it applies to variety of different manufactured products
Total direct cost per megawatt (constant $) vs. total cumulative megawatts
of steam turbines sold and delivered by three OEM manufacturers
Source: Vectorstudy - http://vectorstudy.com/management-theories/experience-curve
“Decrease in costs
associated with
production of steam
turbine generators
trend towards a line
with constant slope on a
log-log plot; each data
point represents one
year.”
Effectively the passage of time

Enormous decreases in size with vastly greater raw computing power
Illustrates impact of Moore’s Law and Experience Curves
CPU clock speed of today’s 2014 Apple iPhone 6 is ~ 1.4 GHZ or 350x Osborne
“An Osborne Executive portable computer, from 1982 with a Zilog Z80 4 MHz (0.004 GHZ)
CPU, and a 2007 Apple iPhone with a 412 MHz ARM11 CPU; the Executive weighs 100 times
as much, has nearly 500 times as much volume, cost approximately 10 times as much
(adjusted for inflation), and has about 1/100th the clock frequency of the smartphone.”
Source: Wikipedia

New technologies under development can extend duration of this law
As of 2014 Moore’s Law still has no end on the horizon
Quantum computing may provide next technological extension to Moore’s Law
"Moore’s Law is really about economics. My prediction was
about the future direction of the semiconductor industry,
and I have found that the industry is best understood
through some of its underlying economics." [pp. 67]
"Having outlined my general approach to understanding
the semiconductor industry and having identified some key
factors for keeping on the complexity curve, one might ask,
'When is it all going to end?' I have been asked that
question at least a hundred times this year. The answer is:
'Not very soon.' I can see the complexity curve lasting for
at least as long now as I ever could in the past." [pp. 84]
Quoted from “Moore’s Law at Forty” book chapter by Gordon Moore published in “Moore’s Law -
Four Decades of Innovation”, David Brock, ed., Chemical Heritage Foundation (2006)

Subjective chart shows selected examples of improved technology
Growth of technology has also been exponential over time
Credit: Industrial Centre, The Hong
Kong Polytechnic University, All
rights reserved (2003)
Source: http://tds.ic.polyu.edu.hk/td/theme1/t1_content_e.htm

Chart reflects views of Hong Kong Polytechnic faculty on time interval
Lag between invention and application can be substantial
Lattice comment: lag time only shortening for certain kinds of products – not all
Source: http://tds.ic.polyu.edu.hk/td/theme1/t1_content_e.htm
Credit: Industrial Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, all rights reserved (2003)

Patents can be viewed as quantitative proxy for technological progress
World GDP somewhat correlated with world patent filings
Source: http://globalpatents.ca/blog/
1880

Patents increased exponentially ever since late 1940s after WWII
From 1850 - 1929 issued patents increased linearly
Recent data suggests present burst of innovation may exceed 1850 - 1929 era
Source: Wikipedia
1945

Total number of energy-related nanotech patents accelerated after 2000
Nanotechnology began with K. Eric Drexler’s book in 1986
Things become possible at nanometers that can’t be done on larger length scales
Source: http://www.fierceenergy.com/story/nanotechnology-and-energy-sector/2014-02-17
2000

Advances in theoretical physics sometimes enable commercialization
Lags between invention & application can be substantial
Maxwell’s equations integrated electric and magnetic effects into coherent whole
Timeline of events suggests Maxwell’s theory helped to facilitate commercialization
 1826 - Ampere’s Law discovered - relates magnetic fields to flows of electrical current
 1831 - Faraday discovered Law of electromagnetic induction - crucial advance in physics needed
to develop a workable technology for commercial systems capable of generating electric power
 1835 - Gauss’ Law formulated - explains how electric fields behave in vicinity of electric charges
 1865 - Maxwell published his famous equations in seminal paper, “A dynamic theory of the
electromagnetic field” in which he integrated Ampere, Faraday, and Gauss’ work into single
elegant, coherent mathematical framework that fully explained electromagnetic phenomena
 1879 - Edison invented the modern incandescent electric light bulb for illumination
 1882 - First coal-fired central station electric power generation plant: Edison’s Pearl Street
Station opened in New York City with total output of 600 kWh
 1882 - First hydroelectric central station power generation plant: Edison’s Vulcan Street Plant at a
dam on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin with initial electrical output of 12.5 kWh
 We all know what happened after 1882: there was explosive exponential growth of electric power
generation, first in the USA and then spreading across the entire industrializing world

Edison knew that mass production of electricity would reduce price
Electricity is now much less costly than price back in 1882
His bold vision was unquestionably the Henry Ford Model T of electricity
“Just wait a little while,” prophesied Edison, “and we’ll
make electric light so cheap that only the wealthy can
afford to burn candles.” (ca. 1880)
“Edison lived [until 1931] to see lamps that gave four
times as much light and cost one-fifth as much to buy.”
General Electric Company newspaper advertisement
February 4, 1954

Edison’s prophecy was right: exponential decrease in price
Source: http://tingilinde.typepad.com/starstuff/2009/05/the-historic-price-of-electricity-in-the-us.html
By 1910, the price of electricity was ~$1.60 per kWh (1990 dollars); from 1920s through mid-1930s it
mostly averaged around $0.60 kWh; today, price of electricity ranges from ~ $0.05 to 0.12 kWh
(1990 dollars)
1970
Note that the real price of
electricity flattens-out after
very rapid increases in %
efficiency of electric power
plants ceased around 1970
Average efficiency of coal-fired power plants has remained at ~32 - 34% since 1960

Exponential decrease in price from 1880 - 1970 then flat
Source: Santa Fe Institute - working papers http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/09-12-047.pdf
Fig. 10 in “Historical costs of coal-fired electricity and implications for the future”
J. McNerney, J. Trancik, and J. D. Farmer, SFI Working Paper: 2009-12-047 (2009)
(1990 dollars)
Total cost of coal-fired electricity: comparison to ave. electricity cost
1970

At the grid level electricity is non storable so generation = consumption
Total annual US electricity production from 1915 - 2012
Total generation grew exponentially from 1915 - 1970 and then linearly thereafter
1970
2005

USA went through a linear phase, steady-state, and exponential growth
Rates of growth in per capita energy use can vary greatly
What causal factors triggered onset of the exponential growth phase in ~1880?
1750 1880
Steady-state

US population growth has been uninterruptedly exponential since 1790
Population data doesn’t explain changes in per capita energy
While population growth does affect energy usage it is just part of the story
US Census population graph from 1790: source is Wikipedia
1880

Introduction of automobiles, urban electrification & electric appliances
Cause: huge commercialization burst in new technologies
Synergistic technologies catalyzed exponential growth in per capita energy use
 1859 - Modern rechargeable lead-acid battery: Gaston Planté (France)
 1876 - Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell (USA)
 1879 - Modern incandescent electric light bulb: Thomas Edison (USA)
 1882 - Edison begins installing series of electric power generation stations and grids (USA)
 1882 - Electric clothes iron: Henry Seeley (USA)
 1885 - Automobile with gasoline-powered internal combustion engine: Karl Benz (Germany)
 1885 - First riveted steel coal furnace for convective central home heating: Dave Lennox (USA)
 1886 - Electric powered fan: Schulyer Wheeler (USA)
 1889 - Electric sewing machine: Singer Company (USA)
 1891 - Electric ovens go on sale to public (USA)
 1899 - Invention of radio: Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)
 1904 or thereabouts - home electric washing machine (USA): first inventor is unknown
 1907 - Portable electric home vacuum cleaner: James Spangler (USA)
 1913 - Electric refrigerator: Fred Wolf (USA)
Key examples --- autos were single largest contributor to increased per capita energy use

US market growth rates variable: television much faster than automobiles
% Household ownership vs. time since initial invention
Source: http://magicalcompendium.blogspot.com/2011/07/innovation-stagnation.html
Spread of new product types into American households

Former “Third World” countries are presently growing exponentially
Data shows growth of vehicle ownership across world
World automobile production by continent and some large emerging countries
Source: http://revel.unice.fr/eriep/?id=3301
Main sources: WMVD, SMMT, JAMA, IRF, CCFA, OICA
Elaboration: M. Freyssenet (2004) Updating (April 2010)

Huge Internet growth since 1993 increases energy demand
Source: http://thebreakthrough.org/index.php/programs/economic-growth/bracing-for-the-cloud/
“To understand the voracious growth and
scale of investment in the global
information-communication-technology
ecosystem, consider this fact: the cloud is
now approaching 10 percent of the world’s
electricity consumption. At the individual
level, when you count all components of
usage – not just charging – the average
iPhone consumes more energy annually
than a medium-sized refrigerator.”

Petroleum consumption grew exponentially until ~1975 then linearly
Annual US energy consumption by source: 1776 - 2013
CO2-emitting fossil fuels accounted for ~82% of US energy consumption in 2013
Source: Wikipedia
1880 1970

Future global demand for energy will be very strong
Real GDP growth and increased demand for energy highly correlated
Future demand cannot be met without vast improvement in energy technologies
Empirical data presented below (Huber & Mills - 2005; Brown et al. - 2011) shows that
growth in per capita GDP (which is what also reduces population growth rates) is highly
correlated with corresponding increases in total energy demand; in today’s modern energy-
intensive societies, this determines the overall standard of living. Measured against finite
fossil fuel supplies and other non-renewables, ratcheting increases in demand for energy
could exacerbate energy supply issues as global real GDP growth continues into the future.
Fig. 1, pp. 20, Brown et
al., “The relationship
between per capita
energy use and per
capita gross domestic
product (GDP; in US
dollars), plotted on
logarithmic axes, from
1980 to 2003.”
From: “Energetic Limits
to Economic Growth"
J. Brown et al.
BioScience 61 pp. 19 - 26
(2011)
http://sev.lternet.edu/~jn
ekola/nekola%20pdf/bs-
61-19-26.pdf
Note: in 2008 India (not
shown in Huber-Mills’
chart) had est. GDP
($1000/Capita) of 1.327
and Energy Use (Million
Btu/Capita) of 12.6,
placing it near origin of
bold blue arrow in the
lowermost corner of the
left quadrant;
Upward progression of
countries along the
trajectory of blue arrow
creates increases in
total world energy
demand. The faster GDP
per capita rises in all
countries, the faster
total global energy
demand increases.
India & China now account for ~39% of the world’s population
India
Germany,
France, and U.K.
USA
China

“The rise of distributed power” see Fig. 7 on page 32
B. Owens, General Electric - Ecomagination (February 2014)
http://www.eenews.net/assets/2014/02/25/document_gw_02.pdf
Quality of life clearly better with increased use of energy
This relationship contributes to strong underlying global energy demand
Datasource:UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
HumanDevelopmentReport2013andUSEnergy
InformationAdministration
Copyright: General
Electric (2014)

Growth in total Carbon emissions has stayed ~ exponential since 1850
Global Carbon emissions by source from 1800 to today
Produced almost entirely by combustion of fossil fuels, i.e. burning with Oxygen

Latest data suggests that population growth is beginning to flatten-out
UN foresees continued exponential growth in energy use
If this scenario is correct it sets the stage for new surge in per capita energy use
2014

If present global warming is caused by O2 combustion then must curb it
Growth in global Carbon emissions exponential since 1855
There could be a better way to use Carbon: transmutation instead of combustion
Red curved line added by Lattice

Table 1. Electricity Access in 2008: Regional Aggregates (page 9)
According to data ~1.5 billion people now lack electricity
Source: http://www.ruralelec.org/fileadmin/DATA/Documents/06_Publications/Position_papers/ARE_Mini-grids_-_Full_version.pdf

LENR technology could someday help end energy poverty
In 2014 at least 1.5 billion people on our
planet are living without any electricity.
Incredibly, this huge number is roughly
the same as the world’s entire population
when Thomas Edison opened his first
coal-fired central station electric power
generation plant on September 4, 1882:
the Pearl Street Station in New York City
with a total electrical output of 600 kWh.

Published in “The Christian Science Monitor” on July 14, 2014
British Petroleum believes the Oil Age only has 53 years left
http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2014/0714/How-long-will-world-s-oil-reserves-last-53-years-says-BP
http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/BPs-Latest-Estimate-Says-Worlds-Oil-Will-Last-53.3-Years.html
http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html

Fossil fuel reserves will be exhausted within ~150 years
Solar PV/wind power: insufficient energy density to replace fossil fuels
World will still require dense energy sources for transportation & portable power
Source: http://www.drexel.edu/~/media/Files/greatworks/pdf_sum10/WK8_Layton_EnergyDensities.ash
Petroleum energy density:
“A single gallon of gasoline
contains approximately forty (40)
megajoules of chemical energy.
Dividing energy by volume yields
an energy density of ten billion
joules per cubic meter. Gasoline is
ten quadrillion times more energy-
dense than solar radiation and one
billion times more energy-dense
than wind and water power.”
Reference: B.E. Layton, International Journal
of Green Energy 5 pp. 438 - 455 (2008)
Comparison of intrinsic energy densities

S-curves are sigmoid and describe an entire life cycle
Exponential growth phase of life cycle is finite and doesn’t last forever
Individual products and technologies form series of S-curves as markets evolve
Credit: John Barwis
Shell U.K. Exploration and Production

S-curves are sigmoid and describe an entire life cycle
Exponential growth phase of life cycle is finite and doesn’t last forever
Individual products and technologies form series of S-curves as markets evolve
Credit: Jimena Calfa
Source: http://www.onquality.info/2014/08/the-future-of-quality-evolutionary-or.html

Source: http://theenergycollective.com/onclimatechangepolicy/347491/making-low-carbon-future-better-well-cheaper
Source of chart:
U.S. Dept. of Energy report
Battery cost reduction tied to increases in energy density

Batteries cannot overcome the limitations of solar and wind
Batteries’ energy densities limited and the technology now maturing
Will still need dense energy sources for transportation & portable power
Source: http://www.estquality.com/technology Note: superimposed S-curve and dates were added by Lattice

Maturity of combustion and battery technologies is upon us
Creates opportunities for entry of newer and even better technologies
Wind/solar: CO2-free and renewable but low energy density and intermittent
Technology S-curves for combustion vs. LENRs: S-curve concept and tire cord technology:
To greatly reduce energy costs need breakthrough energy-dense technology: LENRs
LENRs
Widom-Larsen
theory breakthrough
enables LENR
engineering (2005)
Combustion
1880 1960 2005
LENRs complement wind and solar and are highly synergistic with them

Source: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16591
Recent increases in U.S. oil production have been huge
Much of this results from fracking that unlocks oil in tight formations
In parallel the U.S. economy is reaccelerating as it pulls-out of Great Recession

Oil price determined by dynamic supply/demand forces
Seesaw between these forces creates sawtooth patterns in price charts
Over a protracted period of time an increasingly high inflation-adjusted (real) oil
price will change day-to-day behavior of consumers in ways that reduce (ration)
short- and long-term demand for oil all over the world. Absent any major changes
in total supplies, at some point the demand for oil will drop far enough to halt
further price increases. If the end-user demand reduction process continues
and overshoots on downside, which happens often, crude oil’s price can then
drop significantly from an intermediate peak and so forth
On the other hand, changes in the market’s perceptions about supplies of oil can
move the oil price up or down either slowly over time as additional supply-related
data is gradually revealed, or almost instantaneously in response to a particular
event such as a terrorist attack on key facilities in a major oil field
Over time, an endless back-and-forth seesaw between dynamic economic forces
of supply and demand creates complex “sawtooth” patterns commonly seen in
most time-series charts of stock and commodity prices. In real-world markets,
idealized states of true market price equilibrium and great stability are only
transitory at best; disequilibrium and persistent upward or downward trends in
market prices of oil and other commodities are more the rule than the exception

Oil price drop orderly despite huge supply increases
Most likely caused by a near-term imbalance in supplies vs. demand
Oil price decline surprisingly orderly and resilient rather than catastrophic crash
Source: https://www.shaleintelligence.com/7-reasons-behind-drop-in-oil-prices/
See Charles Constantinou’s thoughts on
causes for this decline at hyperlink below
Roughly linear price decline so far - data through November 24, 2014
July
2014

Example of very disorderly lightning-fast price decline
Shows Oct. 1987 ‘Black Monday’ Dow-Jones Industrial Average crash
Downward movement fast and extreme; by contrast oil price decline very orderly
Data through November 24, 2014
Source: http://stockcharts.com/articles/chartwatchers/2011/03/
Those who wish to learn more about this type of
violent, catastrophic, nonlinear price collapse
should read Charles Kindleberger’s classic:
“Manias, Panics, and Crashes” 6th ed. 2011
DJIA fell a record
22% in just one day
Note price gap

Data through October 24, 2014
Oil price drop orderly despite huge supply increases
Most likely caused by near-term imbalance in supplies vs. demand
Oil price decline surprisingly orderly and resilient versus a catastrophic crash

Graph of inflation-adjusted WTI crude oil price from 1970
Recent price decline looks more like corrective market trading pattern
Purple upward trend in real $ price since 1999 intact despite the recent correction
Overshoot
on upside
Overshoot on
downside
Recent price
action

Graph of nominal and real crude oil prices from 1861
Mid-2014 price levels comparable to 1860s when adjusted for inflation
Data reveals that today’s real price of oil still quite expensive in historical terms
Data source: British Petroleum
1865
US$115
US$60
Real $

Graph of nominal and real gasoline prices from 1918
Mid-2014 price levels comparable to 1920s when adjusted for inflation
Data reveals that today’s real price of gasoline close to norm in historical terms
Credit: Timothy McMahon (2013)
Feb. 17, 2015:
in USA the
national
average price
for regular
unleaded
gasoline is
$2.47/gallon.
Last year on
very same day
price was
$3.50/gallon
$2.47

Consensus world GDP forecast vs. the price of crude oil
Herein we have illustrated how demand for energy closely tracks GDP
Oil price may in part be responding to market expectations about 2015 demand
Original source: Twitter post by @Not_Jim_Cramer on Dec. 17, 2014 https://twitter.com/Not_Jim_Cramer/media
Posted on Twitter
Dec. 17, 2014 July
2014

Brent oil price better reflects global supply/demand forces
Substantial price decline from previous ~stability began in July 2014
Price reflects market expectations about near-term supplies vs. demand
July
2014
Temporary period of
approximate price
stability

Like many commodities oil has forward futures markets
Futures contracts allow physical crude oil to be hedged and delivered
Relationship between spot and future prices is a barometer of supply/demand
 Physical real-world oil markets and futures (paper) markets dynamically interact with
each other through a combination of hedging, arbitrage, and outright speculation
 Owners of physical supplies of oil on-hand (spot) can lock-in a price for their oil by
selling forward futures contracts, say for delivery in 6 months; in theory, if they do not
unwind the hedge by purchasing an offsetting quantity of futures they can physically
deliver the oil they presently own to new owners on the designated delivery month in
certified storage facilities located in the official delivery market. So at that specific
time and place, spot cash delivery price must = futures price (i.e., they will converge)
 Relationship between spot (today’s) price and market prices for oil further out in the
future time-wise can exist in one of two different regimes: (1) future prices are higher
than the spot price (contango or carrying charge market indicating excess near-term
supplies) or (2) future prices are the same or lower than the spot price (backwardation
or inverted market indicating comparatively tight near-term crude oil supplies)
 In heavily traded global oil markets a contango condition vs. backwardation is a very
sensitive barometer or “canary in the coal mine” for state of near-term supply/demand
balance; rapid shift from one regime to other can be tip-off for imminent price change

Periods of excess supply are green; tight supplies are red
Start of price decline in 2014 coincides with shift to a contango regime
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-05/oil-glut-seen-setting-sail-as-contango-widens-chart-of-the-day
Source: Bloomberg
Jan. 4, 2015
Contango:
excess near-
term oil supplies
Backwardation:
tight near-term
oil supplies
July 2014
Feb. 2011
April 2008

Price declines ~coincide with backwardation g contango
While other factors affect price this shift between regimes is important
Market superimposes expectations about 2nd derivative of current demand rates
April 2008 Feb. 2011 July 2014
Brent crude oil – nominal price
Contango Backwardation

Signs of a shift from temporary oversupply of crude oil
Market presently pays players net money to store and hedge supplies
Tipoff supply/demand is tightening: contango peaks & carrying charges decline
 Surprisingly orderly ~50% decline in the price of oil that has occurred since July
2014 resulted from “perfect storm” confluence of multiple supply/demand factors:
 Massive increases in oil & gas supplies in USA as result of fracking production
 Real price of crude oil was already extremely high in 100+ year historical terms
 While USA’s economy was/is finally reaccelerating smoothly out of the Great
Recession that began ~ in mid-2008; during 2014 rates of GDP growth started
backtracking and decelerating in China, Europe, Japan, and India (i.e., the 2nd
derivative of GDP growth rates began decreasing); this loosened-up near-term
supply/demand balance in crude oil markets; was reflected in very rapid shift
from a tighter backwardation regime to a contango that occurred in July 2014
 Market is presently paying large players to hedge and store crude oil; see
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/watch-this-signal-to-see-if-oils-recovery-is-for-real-2015-02-06
 Key factors to watch that could help determine whether oil price decline has truly
bottomed-out are US fracking slowdown (?), GDP growth rates in China/Europe, and
contraction of carrying charges in oil market contango, i.e. it has peaked

Barring unexpected global economic or bio catastrophes
Energy demand will probably grow exponentially for foreseeable future
 Recent downward moves in crude oil and gasoline prices appear to only be temporary corrections within a
longer-term uptrend in real price of crude oil that has been operating since 1999. This suggests long-term
demand for petroleum and its products still continues to increase faster than increases in total global oil
supplies. Much of this uptrend has been driven by relatively high rates of economic growth and improved
standards of living in populous countries of the former so-called “Third World”, e.g. China and India
 Driving force underlying relatively persistent long-term upward pressures on global energy prices is clearly
revealed in charts presented on previous slides that demonstrate a very clear relationship between per
capita energy usage (measured in BTUs or Watts) and GDP growth. Put another way, these charts show that
increased per capita economic activity (as measured by GDP), in conjunction with improved standards of
living for a given country’s citizens, directly increases global demand for energy
 Importantly, if people living in countries currently located in the lower left quadrant of those charts are ever
to attain and enjoy anywhere close to the standard of living that is now prevalent in Europe (let alone the
United States), there will be correspondingly large increases in global demand for energy; e.g. China
brought electrification to hundreds of millions of its citizens by hugely increasing coal-fired power plants
 All this data strongly implies that, barring a prolonged period of worldwide economic recession or
depression or bio-catastrophes such as an Ebola virus pandemic, global demand for energy will likely
continue to increase exponentially for the foreseeable future - this will be an unavoidable result of
continued GDP growth around the world, and to increasing degrees also in laggard sub-Saharan Africa
 Conclusion: if supplies of existing Carbon-based energy sources are not dramatically increased and new
types of ‘greener’ energy technologies are not further developed and broadly deployed, the real price of
energy broadly writ will inevitably rise to new levels that are vastly higher than we are seeing today

Given global warming if this happens CO2 emissions must be slashed
Energy demand will probably continue to grow exponentially
What about needs of ~1.5 billion people who now live without electricity?
World needs a new type of energy source
that will enable usage to continue to grow
exponentially without exorbitant increases in
energy prices and at the same time
drastically reducing global CO2 emissions ---
a techno-explosion in energy.
Oil supplies may be running-out within roughly 50 years. What do we do?

Nuclear energy density vastly >>> solar, wind, and batteries
Existing nuclear fission or fusion have radiation and waste problems
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs): no deadly radiation or wastes
 Beginning with Hans Bethe’s landmark paper published back in in 1939, the Holy
Grail and longstanding dream of contemporary nuclear science has been to
commercialize cleaner (vs. fission) fusion reactions that power stars and our Sun
 Less technically difficult fission technology was first utilized and deployed in
commercial nuclear reactors; it has been fraught with safety, cost, and serious
proliferation issues that are well-known a la Dr. Evgeny Velikhov’s “vital risks”
 Both fission and fusion rely primarily on the strong interaction, emit biologically
deadly hard radiation, and produce long-lived hazardous radioactive wastes
 Up until the advent of the collective many-body Widom-Larsen theory in 2005, the
weak interaction was thought to be useless for large-scale power generation
 Thanks to Widom-Larsen theory, now know that radiation-free, truly ‘green’ LENRs
based on the weak interaction are enabled by many-body physics in condensed
matter and can occur at very substantial rates under exactly the right conditions
 LENRs are a game-changing paradigm shift in evolution of nuclear technology

David Holmgren has envisioned four alternative futures for energy
LENRs can provide a techno-explosion for energy
They are the techno-explosion, techno-stability, energy descent, and collapse
Source - David Holmgren, “Future Scenarios”: http://www.futurescenarios.org/content/view/16/31/index.html

Enormous energy density advantage vs. ordinary chemical combustion
LENRs can provide a techno-explosion for energy
Do not emit any deadly neutron or gamma radiation and no long-lived radwastes
“Techno-explosion depends on new,
large and concentrated energy
sources that will allow the continual
growth in material wealth and human
power over environmental constraints,
as well as population growth.”
David Holmgren “Future Scenarios”
Source - David Holmgren, “Future Scenarios”: http://www.futurescenarios.org/content/view/16/31/index.html

Large length scales
Huge array of new
technological possibilities
and opportunities open-up
at micron to nanometer
length-scales
Nuclear-strength electric fields in μ-sized LENR-active sites enable e + p reaction
What was formerly thought impossible becomes possible
by utilizing applied nanotechnology
Nanotechnology and LENRs are mutually joined at the hip

Being driven to nm length-scales in a quest for higher energy density
Technology domains converging at nanometer length-scales
Technology
domain
Main
purpose
Source of
energy
Energy-
scale
Typical rates of
reactions
Temps in
Centigrade
Representative
examples
Electro-
chemical
batteries
Store
electrical
energy
reversibly in
chemical
bonds
Chemical
bonds
Electron
Volts
(eV)
Slow to moderate;
typically diffusion
rate-limited at
various types of
interfaces found
inside batteries
Li batteries
can generally
be operated
safely only at
temperatures
< 200o C
Large variety of
different chemistries:
lead-acid, alkaline,
NiMH, Nickel-
cadmium, Lithium-ion,
LiFePO4, Lithium-
oxygen, etc.
Energetic
materials
Thermal
igniters,
explosives,
propellants
Chemical
bonds
eVs
Fast combustion
processes w. O2,
e.g., deflagration
and detonation
Macroscopic
peak temps
max-out at
~5,000o C
Thermite reactions
(burning of metals),
dinitro-chloro-azido
benzene, RDX, etc.
Low
energy
neutron
reactions
(LENRs)
Produce
large
amounts of
CO2-free
thermal
energy from
decay
particles’
kinetic
energies
and gamma
conversion
to infrared
Nuclear
binding
energy
stored
inside
atomic
nuclei
Mega-
electron
Volts
(MeVs)
one MeV
is equal
to a
million
eVs
Nuclear reactions
themselves are
super-fast, i.e.,
picosecond and
faster; decays of
any resulting
unstable isotopes
can range from
very slow on
order of millions
of years to fast,
i.e., nanoseconds
Peak
temperatures
in micron-
scale, short-
lived LENR
hotspot
regions on
surfaces and
at interfaces
typically reach
~4,000o to
6,000o C
Neutron captures on
various elements and
isotopes; for example,
LENR neutron capture
processes starting
with Lithium as base
fuel target can release
~27 MeV in short
sequence of nuclear
reactions that do not
release any energetic
neutron or gamma
radiation

Theoretical breakthrough achieved by combining multiple disciplines
Widom-Larsen LENR theory is extremely multidisciplinary
Science and
technology of low
energy neutron
reactions (LENRs)
in condensed
matter systems
utilizes knowledge
from all of these
varied disciplines
Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
Collective many-body effects
Modern quantum mechanics
Condensed matter physics
Classical electrodynamics
Modern nuclear physics
Surface chemistry (H)
Key nanotechnology
Surface physics
Plasma physics
Plasmonics
Analogous to Maxwell: integrates many LENR effects into coherent whole
No new physics

Theoretical breakthrough achieved by combining multiple disciplines
Widom-Larsen LENR theory is extremely multidisciplinary
Analogous to Maxwell: integrates many LENR effects into coherent whole
Fully explains previously inexplicable characteristic features:
 Absence of deadly energetic neutron and gamma radiation
 No appreciable production of long-lived radioactive isotopes
 Plus an array of anomalous effects that have been observed
and reported in various scientific journals for over 100 years

Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for
multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
LENRs are paradigm-shifting nuclear energy technology
Laura 13

Guided by physics of the Widom-Larsen theory,
an opportunity to commercialize LENRs as truly
green CO2-free nuclear energy source has been
enabled by a unique juxtaposition of very recent
parallel advances in certain very vibrant areas
of nanotechnology (esp. plasmonics), quantum
entanglement, new innovations in nanoparticle
fabrication techniques, as well as an array of
new discoveries in advanced materials science.
Nanotechnology and LENRs are mutually joined at the hip

Lack of hard radiation eliminates heavy shielding and containment
Opportunity to develop revolutionary portable nuclear power sources
LENRs can increase safety and shrink size of nuclear power
Evolution of nuclear
technology
Fission reactors need 1 foot of steel and 3 feet of concrete
to protect humans from hard radiation and wastes emitted
by reactor; makes systems intrinsically large and heavy
LENRs enable devices something like
this: small, portable battery-like power
sources that are safe and disposable
Much larger LENR devices based on dusty
plasma embodiments can potentially scale-up
to megawatts; akin to today’s power plants
Fission emits deadly MeV-energy neutrons and gammas

Reaction Type Typical “Average” Energy Release Relative Index of
Energy Release
U-235 Conventional Fission
H+H Fusion in Stars
D+T Fusion Reactors
Light and Heavy Water LENRs
Blacklight Power’s “Hydrinos”
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Combustion of Gasoline
220 MeV 1000
27 MeV
17. 6 MeV
~ 0.1 MeV (low side)
~ 22 MeV (high side)
max 0.02 MeV
0.0001 MeV
0.0002 MeV
123
80
91
0.45
0.09
0.0001
0.00005
Nuclear:
Strong Interaction
Nuclear:
Weak Interaction
?
Chemical
Less Energy
Per Reaction
(1938)
(1939)
(1950s)
(1989)
(1838)
(1876)
(1991)
Fission-
fusion
LENRsChemical
Evolutionofnuclear
LENR energy release is between fission and chemical power sources
Nuclear energy releases are huge vs. chemical combustion
Some LENRs can release more energy than hot D+T fusion reactions

57,500,000 (maximum theoretical energy
density – only a fraction would be achievable
in practice)
LENRs (based on an assumption of an average
of 0.5 MeV per nuclear reaction in an LENR
system)
11,500100% Efficient Combustion of Pure Gasoline
5,930100% Efficient Combustion of Pure Methanol
2,300Gas Burning Microgenerator (20% efficient)
1,680Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (35% efficient)
460Zinc-Air Battery
329Lithium Battery
164Alkaline Battery
Approximate Energy Density
(Watt*hours/kg)
Source of Energy
LENRs Versus Chemical Energy Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Microgenerators
57,500,000 (maximum theoretical energy
density – only a fraction would be achievable
in practice)
LENRs (based on an assumption of an average
of 0.5 MeV per nuclear reaction in an LENR
system)
11,500100% Efficient Combustion of Pure Gasoline
5,930100% Efficient Combustion of Pure Methanol
2,300Gas Burning Microgenerator (20% efficient)
1,680Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (35% efficient)
460Zinc-Air Battery
329Lithium Battery
164Alkaline Battery
Approximate Energy Density
(Watt*hours/kg)
Source of Energy
LENRs Versus Chemical Energy Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Microgenerators
ChemicalEnergySourcesLENRs
Nuclear energy density is major competitive advantage
LENR energy density is ~5,000 times larger than that of gasoline

Basic reactions in Widom-Larsen theory are simple
Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons
Neutrons are then captured by other atoms g catalyze nuclear transmutations
EnergyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe
Collective many-body quantum
effects: many electrons each donate
little bits of energy to a much smaller
number of electrons that are also
embedded in same high electric field
Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number
of electrons that absorb energy from electric field
can increase their effective masses (m = E/c2) to
point where they can react directly with protons
(or deuterons) to make neutrons and neutrinos
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive photons that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons: capture on nearby atoms
Neutrons + atomic nuclei heavier elements + decay products
Neutron-capture-catalyzed transmutations release energy stored in atoms:
Releases vast amounts of stored nuclear binding energy as energetic particles/photons that create heat

Anatomy of a micron-scale LENR-active surface site
Conceptual overview of many-body patches that form on surfaces
SP electrons and protons all oscillate collectively and mutually Q-M entangled
Diameters of many-body patches randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100+ microns
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP
electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
SP electron
subsystem
Proton
subsystem
Substrate subsystem
SP electron and
proton subsystems
form a many-body
WLT patch; it can
also reside on
nanoparticles
attached to surface
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in this region
Note: diagram components are not to scale

Input energy creates very high electric fields in surface sites
Born-Oppenheimer breakdown creates nuclear-strength electric fields
High electric fields increase effective masses of some patch SP electrons
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Layer of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Substrate subsystem
Sufficient input energy will create local E-fields > 1011 V/m within patch which permits:
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case,
SP electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Diameters of many-body patches randomly range from several nm up to perhaps ~100+ microns
+ + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon electrons - - - - -- - - - - -
Nuclear-strength local electric fields created herein
Input energyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n + νe [condensed matter surfaces]
Fuel
target

LENRs occur in microscopic active sites found on surfaces
Many-body collections of protons and electrons form spontaneously
Comprised of many-body collections of protons and electrons
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Substrate subsystem
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in this example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); could also be many other metals
After being produced, neutrons will capture on fuel targets:
n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1) [neutron capture on targets]
(Z, A+1) g (Z + 1, A+1) + eβ
- + νe [beta- decay]
Often followed by β - decays of neutron-rich intermediate isotopic products
Intense heating in
LENR-active sites
will form μ-scale
event craters on
substrate surfaces
= Target fuel nanoparticle

LENR sites are analogous to transistors in computer chips
Nanotechnology used to fabricate fuel targets emplaced on surfaces
Releases nuclear binding energy stored in fuels and transmutes elements
Explosive LENR ‘hotspots’ create distinctive surface craters ~2 - 100 microns in diameter
Observed on LENR-active substrates post-experiment with scanning electron
microscopes (SEM); LENR transmutation products are found in same areas with SIMS
June 13. 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 85

LENRs could power Rankine and Brayton cycle engines
Ideal for use in thermal-to-electric systems for CHP applications
LENRs produce very high temperatures well-suited to Brayton cycle
 LENRs intrinsically occur in localized micron-scale LENR-active
sites on ~planar surfaces or curved surfaces of nanoparticles
 Tiny LENR-active sites live for less than ~300 - 400 nanoseconds
before being destroyed by intense heat; local peak temps range
from 4,000 - 6,000o C; LENR-active sites will spontaneously reform
under right conditions in properly engineered devices
 Microscopic 100-micron LENR hotspot release up to 5+ Watts of
heat in less than 400 nanoseconds; create crater-like features on
surfaces that are visible in SEM images and showing clear
evidence for flash-boiling of precious and refractory metals
 Peak local LENR power density can hit > 1.0 x 1021 Joules/sec.m3
 Control macroscopic-scale temperatures in LENR systems by
tightly regulating total input energy and/or total area/volumetric
densities of LENR-active sites present in a reaction chamber
100 μ crater in Palladium
IR video of LENR hotspots
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy
Credit: P. Boss, U.S. Navy
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=OUVmOQXBS68
Boiling point
2,963°C
Hotspots on
Palladium

LENR ultra low-energy neutrons are extremely safe
Fission and fusion neutrons are energetic, deadly and need shielding
Hand-held device
Person
Length-scale: millions of kilometers Length-scale: hundreds of feet
Length-scale: inches
All of the nuclear reactions shown below create neutrons: only LENRs are safe
Stellar fusion reactions make MeV neutrons ITER: D+T fusion reactor Safe LENRs
Temperatures: many millions of degrees Temperatures: millions of degrees
Temperatures: only
thousands of degrees
Ultra low-energyDangerous 14.1 MeV neutrons

Release of nuclear binding energy creates vast amounts of usable heat
Catalytic ultra low energy neutrons trigger heat production
Neutrons + target fuel atoms heavier elements + decay products
+
Neutron ‘match’
Neutrons are readily absorbed by
LENR fuels such as inexpensive Nickel,
Titanium, Lithium, or Carbon atoms
Direct conversion of neutron capture
and decay-related gammas to IR and
beta/alpha particles create heat
capture on target fuel atoms produces heat
n0 Carbon

LENR technology can transform today’s fossil fuels
Breakthroughs in physics and nanotechnology make this possible
Bitumen, heavy oil, and coal may be much more valuable as green LENR fuels
Canadian bitumen Heavy viscous oil Anthracite coal
All of these natural hydrocarbons contain aromatic molecules that can be stripped-out
Lattice has discovered that aromatic molecules can potentially be stripped-put and specially
processed to be converted into green LENR fuels: no hard radiation emissions, no production of
long-lived radioactive wastes or emission of gaseous CO2 into the atmosphere but instead release
> 5,000 times more thermal energy vs. combustion of Carbon-based molecules with Oxygen

CH
H
H H
H
H
Aromatic ring:
6 Carbon
atoms
CC
C C
C
6 Carbon atoms arranged in hexagonal ring bonded to 6 Hydrogen atoms
Aromatic carbon might be turned into green LENR fuels

Convert ring Hydrogen atoms (protons) into safe neutrons
Neutrons are captured by ring Carbon atoms that are then transmuted
In this example a Carbon atom is transmuted into a Nitrogen by LENR processes
LENR neutron
capture catalyzed

Carbon transmutation releases > 5,000x more system BTUs
LENR transmutation pathways tend to follow rows of Periodic Table
Stable elements produced by LENR network can be stopped at Oxygen
Begin at Carbon (6C12)
Can probably ~control where LENR process ends: could stop anywhere from Nitrogen to Zinc
Vector of Carbon fuel-target LENR
transmutation network pathway in green
Combustion of
Carbon atoms in
fossil fuels with
Oxygen O2 produces
CO2 and H2O; CO2
gas emissions are a
problem, which has
led to schemes like
Carbon capture and
sequestration (CCS)
Additional issues
with coal’s varied
trace elements
Scale of energy
release from
chemical reaction
combustion
processes are on
the order of eVs
Depending on
where nuclear
process was
stopped, LENR
transmutation of
Carbon atoms in oil
and coal could
produce a wide
variety of stable
elements up
through Zinc;
gaseous emissions
might be limited to
Neon, Argon,
Nitrogen and/or
preferably Oxygen
Scale of energy
release is in MeV;
or >106 larger than
chemical reactions

Transformation of oil and coal into CO2-free energy sources
Coal and oil crucial to the Industrial Revolution and modern society
LENRs enable oil and coal to become 21st century green energy sources
“Clean coal is an attempt by the coal industry to try and make itself relevant in the age of
renewables. Existing CCTs do nothing to mitigate the environmental effects of coal mining or the
devastating effects of global warming. Coal is the dirtiest fuel there is and belongs in the past.”
Greenpeace policy statement (2009)
Early 1800s in England
Today Today

LENRs can end combustion of coal: CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
Future: retrofit existing coal plants with CgNgO boilers
Today's
outputs:
Heat
electricity
CO2
NOx andSO2
slag, particulates
Today’s
inputs:
Capital $
bulk coal
air (O2)
LENR inputs:
Capital $
Hydrogen
LENR fuel
electricity
base metals
LENR outputs:
Heat
>> electricity
N2 , O2 , etc.
waste (valuable
$$$ elements)
particulates
LENRs would change boiler, coal
pulverizer, and environmental
subsystems (for zero NOx or SO2)
vs. vs.

Lattice’s commercialization strategy akin to computer chips
Scale-up LENR system power outputs and integrate energy conversion
 LENRs can presently reach temperatures of 4,000 - 6,000o K and boil refractory metals
in limited numbers of microscopic LENR-active hot spot sites on laboratory device
surfaces. Lattice plans to use its unique proprietary knowledge of LENR engineering
physics and key operating parameters (e.g., achieving and maintaining very high local
surface electric fields) to first get heat production working well microscopically. That
is: reproducibly trigger LENRs on specific, purpose-designed nanoparticulate
structures with dimensions ranging from nanometers to microns that are fabricated
using existing, off-the-shelf nanotech processes and then deliberately emplaced at
what will become LENR-active sites located on Hydrogen-loaded substrate surfaces
 In principle, output of such LENR heat sources could be readily scaled-up: either by
fabricating larger area-densities of affixed nanostructures that facilitate formation of
LENR hot spot sites on device surfaces, or by injecting larger quantities of specially
designed fuel nanoparticles into volumetrically larger reaction chambers containing
turbulent dusty plasmas, with or without spatially organized magnetic fields present
 A variety of off-the-shelf energy conversion subsystems could potentially be integrated
with commercial versions of LENR-based heat sources. These include thermoelectric;
thermophotovoltaic cells; steam engines; Rankine cycle steam turbines; Brayton cycle
gas turbines, boilers, etc. Other speculative possibilities involve new types of direct
energy conversion technologies that are still under development, e.g. harvesting of β -

 Over time, plan to ride down manufacturing experience cost curve; similar to
build-cost reduction and market penetration strategies used by electronics
manufacturers; e.g., microprocessors, memory chips, PCs, and smartphones
 As product manufacturing experience accumulates and internal build costs are
progressively reduced, leverage enormous energy density/longevity advantages
of LENRs (>million times larger than chemical); price LENR-based systems to
drastically undercut price/performance provided by competing thermal sources
and chemically-based power generation systems --- this strategy can be applied
to portable, distributed stationary, mobile, and central station power markets
 Small-scale LENR systems might seem to be light years away from being able to
compete with huge 500 - 1,500 MW coal-fired and Uranium-fission power plant
behemoths; however, please recall history of personal computers versus
mainframes. When PCs were first introduced 35 years ago, mainframe computer
manufacturers regarded them as just toys, information processing jokes of no
consequence. Less than 10 years later, mainframe companies weren’t laughing
any more. Today, except for just a handful of survivors like IBM, mainframe and
minicomputer dinosaurs have disappeared, replaced by microprocessor arrays
Lattice’s commercialization strategy akin to computer chips
Maximize unit volumes and ride experience curve to attack markets

Sustainable economic growth could be achieved by doing so
Commercializing LENRs enables a Moore’s Law for energy
 While solar PV and wind are CO2-free and extremely biosafe, their intrinsic
energy densities are much lower than today’s fossil fuels and inherently
intermittent - not continuous - sources of electrical and thermal power
 Nuclear fission power has high energy densities, does not produce CO2 and
operates continuously; but it emits huge quantities of deadly neutron and
gamma radiation during operation and produces many long-lived radwastes
 D-T nuclear fusion, while better than fission in terms of producing much less
radwaste, still emits very dangerous neutron and gamma radiation during
operation; also, there is still no sign of it being commercialized after 60 years
of huge effort and hundreds of billions of R&D $ spent worldwide. See July
31, 2014 Nature story on ITER by Elizabeth Gibney: http://tinyurl.com/mlk5d5k
 Low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) are only primary energy technology
on foreseeable horizon that can provide world with affordable dense green
energy, connect the unconnected, and empower billions of powerless people

Partnering on commercialization and consulting on certain topics
Working with Lattice
 Lattice welcomes inquiries from large, established organizations that have an
interest in seriously discussing the possibility of becoming a strategic capital
and/or technology development partner in the near- or long-term time frames
 Lewis Larsen also selectively engages in fee-based third-party consulting. This
work covers topics in the context of micron-scale, many-body collective
quantum effects in condensed matter systems (including photosynthesis),
safety issues arising from field failures causing Li-ion battery thermal
runaways, nuclear waste remediation, and ultra-high-temperature
superconductors, among others. Additional areas of expertise include long-
term strategic implications of LENRs on high cap-ex long term investments in
power generation and petroleum-related assets, as well as long-term price
outlooks for and investments in precious metals and real price of energy. Will
consult on such subjects as long as it does not involve my disclosing any
proprietary engineering details applicable to LENR power generation systems
1-312-861-0115 lewisglarsen@gmail.com
L. Larsen c.v.: http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lewis-g-larsen-cv-june-2013

Lattice Energy LLC
LENRs enable society to “shoot the curl” and enter a New World of energy

Additional reading for the technically inclined
Index to large collection of online documents re LENR theory, experimental data, and the technology:
“Index to key concepts and documents” v. #19 ******* RECENTLY UPDATED *******
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, May 28, 2013 [119 slides] Updated and revised through August 19, 2014
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-index-to-documents-re-widomlarsen-theory-of-lenrsmay-28-2013
Lattice document that provides a broad-based overview about LENR technology and its potential:
“What happens if commercial versions of power systems utilizing green, radiation-free LENRs someday
achieve power densities > 10x chemical technologies?" … Revolution. Here is how and why.”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC, has been updated and revised through October 29, 2014 [101 slides]
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-revolutionary-lenrs-could-power-future-aircraft-and-other-systems-feb-16-2014
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen, Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010)
Abstract: “Under special circumstances, electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low-energy
nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these
applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow-moving electrons can (under
appropriate circumstances) be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies
sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons via weak
interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low-energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear
transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge upon various examples analyzed previously,
present order of magnitude estimates for each and to illuminate a common unifying theme amongst all of them.”
http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf
Review paper that covers all theoretical aspects of basic Widom-Larsen theory published to date:

November 19, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 101November 19, 2014 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2014 All rights reserved 101
Bon Jovi “Livin’ on a prayer” from Slippery When Wet album (1986)
“Whoa, we're half way there.
Whoa, livin' on a prayer.
Take my hand and we'll make it - I swear.
Whoa, livin' on a prayer.
We've gotta hold on to what we've got.
It doesn't make a difference if we make it or not.
So what! We give it a shot.
We've gotta hold on ready or not.
You live for the fight when it's all that you've got.
Take my hand and we'll make it - I swear.
Whoa, we're half way there.
Whoa, livin' on a prayer.”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfK0_jremz0

Lattice Energy LLC - LENRs Could Enable a Moores Law for Energy - Nov 19 2014

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