Himalayas

1. Origin and Formation
of Himalayas

2. CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
• PROPOSED BY ALFRED WEGNER IN 1912
• A SINGLE CONTINENT PANGAEA SORROUNDED BY A SINGLE OCEAN
PANTHALASA
• 200 MILLION YEARS AGO PANGAEA BROKE INTO TWO MAJOR LANDMASSES-
ANKARA LAND AND GONDWANA LAND
• INDIA WAS A PART OF THE GONDWANA LAND LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE

3. MOVEMENT OF CONTINENTS
• CONTINENTS STARTED MOVING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS
• FORCE-TIDAL FORCE POLAR FLEEING FORCE

4. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
• PROPOSED BY MCKENZIE,PARKER AND MORGAN IN 1969
• EARTH CRUST IS MADE UP OF TECTONIC PLATES AND COMPRISES
OCEANS AND CONTINENTS.
• FORCE-CONVECTIONAL CURRENT INSIDE THE EARTH

5. TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
• CONVERGENCE
• DIVERGENCE
• TRANSFORM FAULT

6. CONVERGENCE
• In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also
known as a destructive plate boundary
• An actively deforming region where two (or more)
tectonic plates of lithosphere move toward one
another and collide.
• As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material
melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes
are common near convergent boundaries.

7. • When two plates move towards one another,
they form either a subduction zone or a
continental collision.
• During collisions between two continental
plates, large mountain ranges, such as the
Himalayas are formed.
•

8. DIVERGENCE
• In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or
divergent plate boundary is also known as a
constructive boundary or an extensional
boundary
• It is a linear feature that exists between two
tectonic plates that are moving away from each
other.

9. • Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce
rifts which produce rift valleys.
• Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between
oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.
• Divergent boundaries also form volcanic islands which
occur when the plates move apart to produce gaps which
molten lava rises to fill.

10. TRANSFORM FAULT
• A transform fault or transform boundary, also
known as conservative plate boundary
• since these faults neither create nor destroy
lithosphere, is a type of fault whose relative motion
is predominantly horizontal,
• most transform faults are hidden in the deep oceans
where they form a series of short zigzags
accommodating seafloor spreading

11. FOLDING
• WHEN THE FORCE IS HORIZONTAL IT LEADS TO FOLDING

12. FAULTING
• WHEN THE FORCE IS VERTICAL IT LEADS TO
FAULTING

13. Rift Valley
• A rift valley is when two normal
faults occur parallel to each
other and the land sinks
between the faults.
• There are two major examples
of this. One being the Great Rift
Valley in North Africa and the
other, the San Andreas Fault in
California.
• The top right picture is San
Andreas Fault and on the
bottom right is a diagram of
what a rift valley looks like.

14. FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS
• HIMALAYAS HAVE BEEN FORMED DUE TO THE COLLISION OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES-
INDO AUSTRALIAN PLATE AND EURASIAN PLATE

15. RISING OF HIMALAYAS

16. EVIDENCES
• ARTEFACTS USED BY STONE AGE PEOPLE
• FOSSILS OF SEA ANIMALS IN HIGH HIMALAYAS
• SEDIMENTARY ROCK MATERIALS