1. Chapter 4
Interdependence Among
Living Organisms and the
Environment

2. 4.1 Interdependence Among Living Organisms

3. a species
a species a species of of frog
of fish water plant
1. Species is a group of organisms that have the same shape,
structure and breed together.
2. In the figure above, fish, frog and water plant are three
different species.

4. 1. Apopulation is a number or group of organisms of the same
species that live together in a habitat.
Apopulation Apopulation
Apopulation of of frogs
of fishes
water plants

5. 1.A community is made up of many populations living
together in a particular place.
All the fishes, frogs, tadpoles, water plants, snails, grass
and butterflies made up the community.

6. 1. A habitat is a natural living place of certain
plants and animals.
2. Figure above is a pond community.

7. It is a habitat for water lily.

8. It is a habitat for frog.

9. It is a habitat for water snail.

10. It is a habitat for water plant.

11. It is a habitat for fish.

12. They all live in the same habitat.

13. 1.An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms living
in the same habitat, together with the non-living environment.
air
water
soil
2.All the living organisms and the non-living environment
such as water, soil and air made up an ecosystem.

14. 4.2 Interaction Between Living Organisms

15. 1. Prey-predator is a relationship where an
animal captures and eat other animals.
2. Apredator is an organism that kill and eats
another organism.
3. Aprey is the organism that is eaten

16. 4.For example, snake is a predator, rat is its prey.

17. 5. Other examples,
Predator Prey
Owl Rat
Tiger Goat/deer
Frog Insert

18. 1. Symbiosis happen between two or more different
species which live close together and interact with
each other. There are three types of symbiosis:
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism

19. a. Commensalism is a relationship between two
organisms.
b.The commensal benefits from the host.
c. Example:

20. -Remora fish is the commensal, it feeds on the
scraps of food left by the shark. The shark is
unharmed.

21. -The staghorn fern grows on a tree. This helps it
easily obtain sunlight to process fotosyntesis.
-Examples of plants that live on tress to obtain
sunlight are:
(i) the stoghorn fern
(ii) the money plant
(iii) the pigeon orchid
(iv) the bird’s nest fern

22. a. Mutualism is an interaction between two
different organisms that live together in which
both organisms benefits.
b. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each
other.
c. Example:

23. -The Egyptian Plover bird and crocodiles.
the Egyptian Plover eats fleas and ticks crocodile
as well as food particles stuck between
crocodile's teeth.

24. - Lichen consists
of fungi and
algae living
together. The
algae produce
food and the
fungi provide
shelter.

25. a.Parasitism is an interaction between two organisms.
Only one organisms is benefits.
b.A parasite is the organism that live on or inside the
other organism.
c.The host the organism on which the parasite live.
d.The host is negatively affected by the interaction.
the parasite may even kill the host.

26. e. Example
-Tapeworm is a parasite, it
lives in human intestine.
Tapeworm obtains food and
shelter from humans.
Human loses weight and
becomes weak.

27. 1. Competition is a relationship where organisms compete
with each other for food, light, water, shelter, mate or
minerals.
2. Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight, mineral and living
space
3. Animals compete to obtain water, food, living space and
mate for reproduction.
4. Competition becomes more intense when the basic
resources are limited.

28. 5. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling
their territory. Weaker and smaller organisms are
driven out of the area.
6. Examples
a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain
water and mineral salt.
b. lions in a pride compete for food
c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for
basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight
more easily.

29. 7. This is Intra-specific competition.
Competition among organisms of the same species.

30. 8. This is Inter-specific competition.
Competition among organisms of different species.

31. 4.3 Food Web

32. What is producer, consumer, decomposer and food chain?
Paddy Rat Snake Hawk
plants
(primary (secondary (tertiary
(producer)
consumer) consumer) consumer)
Bacteria and
fungi
(decomposers)

33. 2. Producers are all green plants that make food
through photosyntesis.
3. Consumer are animals that eat plants or
animals.
4. Decomposers are organisms that decompose
dead organisms (animals or plants) and
change them into simple substances.
5. Example decomposer are bacteria and fungi

34. 6.
What about
decomposer?
Decomposers break down
dead animal and plant
materials into simple
substances which can be
used again by green plants.

35. 1. What is a food web?
beatle
bird
grass grasshopper eagle
caterpillar chicken
2. A food web consists of several food chain that
are interlinked.

36. Use the list of organisms below to form a food web
Paddy plant Grasshopper Bacteria and
Rat Frog fungi
Snake Bird Caterpillar
Rat
Paddy plant Grasshopper Frog Snake
Caterpillar Bird
Bacteria and fungi

37. grass grasshopper frogs snakes
(3 000 000) (3 000) (150) (5)
Level 4 (tertiary consumer) 5
snakes
Level 3 (secondary consumer) 150
frogs
Level 2 (primary consumer) 3 000
grasshopper
3 000 000
Level 1 (producer) blades of grass

38. 1. A pyramid of numbers shows the number of
organisms at each link of the food chain.
2. From the base of the pyramid to the top
a. the number of organisms decrease
b. the size of organisms decrease
c. more energy is lost

40. Tertiary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
Primary consumer
Producer
1. In food web or food chain, the source of energy is sunlight.
2. Energy flows through a food web and food chain.
3. But not all of the energy is passed to the next level, some are
lost as heat.

41. 1. Photosynthesis is a process that
occurs in green plants, in which food
is made from water and carbon
dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll
and sunlight.

42. product
?
?
carbon dioxide
water

43. Gas oxygen
product
Glucose which
is then turn into
starch
carbon dioxide
water

44. 3. The equation below shows the process of
photosynthesis
Carbon + water Sun light
dioxide glucose + oxygen
(chlorophyll)
4. Conditions necessary for photosynthesis
presence by:
a. carbon dioxide c. sunlight
b. water d. chlorophyll

45. 1. Photosynthesis is important to maintain
the equilibrium of an ecosystem.
2. The importance and role of
photosynthesis are:
a. supplies food to animals
b. removes carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere
c.enable green plants to make their own
food

46. d. regulates equal and maintains carbon
dioxide content in the atmosphere
e. increase oxygen content in the atmosphere
The carbon cycle
1. Natural gases cycles maintains the content of
gases in the air.
2. The carbon and oxygen cycles are two natural
gas cycle
3. The carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon
dioxide on Earth.

47. 4. The carbon cycle maintains the content of
carbon dioxide in the air.
5. The process that release carbon dioxide into
the air include:
a. respiration and breathing
b. combustion
c. decomposition
6. Photosynthesis, which takes place in green
plants, remove carbon dioxide from the air.

48. THE OXYGEN CYCLE
1. The oxygen cycle is the circulation of oxygen on
Earth.
2. The oxygen cycle to maintain oxygen on the air.
3. That process that use oxygen includes:
a. respiration and breathing
b. combustion
c. decomposition
d. rusting

50. 1. Animals and plants need to be
conserved and preserved to ensure
that the natural resources can be
enjoyed by future generation.
2. Steps to conserve and preserve living
things include:
a. establishing forest reserves.

51. b. replanting
c. establishing breeding centers for animals
facing extinction.
d. practicing selective logging, that is cutting
down only old tree.
e. implementing laws to prevent illegal trade
in plants and animals.
f. Implementing the National Forestry and
Wildlife Protection Acts