The document discusses ethical procurement and sustainability. It notes that most codes of practice deal with human rights issues like freedom of employment, association, safe working conditions, living wages, and non-discrimination. Ethical public procurement is growing in places like Canada, the US, and EU countries. The EU adopted a resolution in 2006 recognizing fair trade and calling for criteria and support. An example policy from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs aims to assess value over the lifetime of projects while supporting sustainability and society through legal public procurement processes.

1. Feb. 6, 2014
Ryoichi Yamamoto
The International Green Purchasing Network
Emeritus Professor of the University of TOKYO
Sapporo
Ethical Purchasing
in the Age of Anthropocene

2. We are alone in the Universe ?
Conservation of Biosphere!

3. ANTHROPOCENE

4. NATURAL CAPITAL AT RISK:
The top 100 externalities of business, by TRUCOST, April 2013
The estimated cost of land use, water consumption, GHG emissions, air
pollution, land and water pollution and waste for the world’s primary
sectors amounts to almost US$ 7.3 trillion.
The environmental damage caused by the world’s primary industries is
equivalent to 13% of global economic output.
Consumer demand for food and goods indirectly drives the majority of
environmental costs from natural resource use, pollution and waste
across primary sectors.
Ranking by Impact
Land Use US$ 1.8 trillion, Water Consumption US$ 1.9 trillion,
Greenhouse Gases US$ 2.7 trillion, Air Pollution US$ 0.5 trillion,
Land and Water Pollution US$ 0.3 trillion, Waste US$ 50 trillion

5. By Dave Griggs
5

6. (Climate Change, Biodiversity loss and Biogeo-chemical flow boundary)
ref. Planetary Boundaries, Johan Rockstroem et al, Ecology and Society 2009
Earth System Process Planetary Boundary
1. Climate Change
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, 350ppm (350-
550ppm)
2. Ocean Acidification
Sustain more than 80% of the preindustrial
aragonite saturation
State of mean surface ocean
3. Stratospheric ozone depletion less than 5% reduction from pre-industrial level
4. Atmospheric aerosol loading to be determined
5.
Biogeo-chemical flows:
Interference with P and N cycles
P < 10 ×(10×-100×)
N : Limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N2 to
35 MtNyr-1
6. Global freshwater use less than 4,000km3yr-1
7. Land system change
less than 15% of global ice – free land surface
converted to cropland
8. Biodiversity loss less than 10 E/MSy
9. Chemical Pollution to be determined
6

7. “Can we live within
the Doughnut?”
Kate Raworth
Oxfam Discussion Paper
Retrieved from <http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?p=8696>

8. How far below the social foundation is humanity ?
An illustrative assessment, based on governments’ social priorities for Rio + 20
Social
foundation
Extent of global deprivation
(illustrative indicators)
Percentage Year
Food security Population undernourished 13% 2006‐8
Income Population living below $ 1.25 (PPP)per day 21% 2005
Water and
sanitation
Population without access to an improved drinking
water source
Population without access to improved sanitation
13%
39%
2008
2008
Health care Population estimated to be without regular access
to essential medicines
30% 2004
Education Children not enrolled in primary school
Illiteracy among 15‐24‐year‐olds
10%
11%
2009
2009
Energy Population lacking access to electricity
Population lacking access to clean cooking
facilities
19%
39%
2009
2009

9. Social
foundation
Extent of global deprivation
(illustrative indicators)
Percentage Year
Gender
equality
Employment gap between women and men in
waged work (excluding agriculture)
Representation gap between women and men in
national parliaments
34%
77%
2009
2011
Social equity Population living on less than median income in
countries with a Gini coefficient exceeding 0.35
33% 1995‐
2009
Voice E.g. Population living in countries perceived (in
surveys) not to permit political participation or
freedom of expression
To be determined
Jobs E.g. Labour force not employed in decent work To be determined
Resilience E.g. Population facing multiple dimensions of
poverty
To be determined
Sources: FAO, World Bank, UNStat, WHO, IEA, and Solt 2009

10. The WORLD BANK Report
“Turn Down the Heat-
Why a 4ºC Warmer World
Must be Avoided.”
Potsdam Institute
for Climate Impact Research
It is likely that the poor will
suffer most and the global
community could become
more fractured, and unequal
than today. The projected 4ºC
warming simply must not be
allowed to occur – the heat
must be turned down. Only
early, cooperative,
international actions can make
that happen.

11. IPCC AR5 WG1 SPM (2013)
Climate Target 2ºC will be reached within 28 years
 Increase of the surface
temperature is proportional to the
cumulative total anthropogenic
CO2 emission from 1870.
 Cumulative CO2 emission should be
less than 800 GtC to keep the
climate target with the probability
66 %.
 We have emitted CO2 531 GtC by
2011.
 The world emision of CO2 is 9.5 GtC
in 2011.
 If we continue to emitt CO2 9.5
GtC/yr, then we will reach 800 GTC
within 28 years.

12. 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2100 2150
120％
100％
80％
60％
40％
20％
0％
GHG Emissions
1990＝100％
Emission Pathway needed to keep 2℃ target
Developed
5％reduction
In 2008～12
World
Peaking within
10~15 years
Developed
25～40％ reduction
by 2020
World
50%reduction
by 2050
Developed
80～95％ reduction
by 2050
World
80%reduction
by 2100
Developed
Zeroemission
by 2100
World
Zeroemission
in 22c
12

14. The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability
Nature 2013 Oct. 10 502, 183
Camilo Mora et al

15. Stop! +2ºC
Global Warming is approaching near to
the point of no return.

16. World headed for irreversible climate change
in five years, IEA warns. 2011
If fossil fuel infrastructure is not rapidly changed, the world will ‘loss
for ever’ the chance to avoid dangerous climate change
by Fiona Harvey, environment correspondent, gurdian, UK
If the world is to stay below 2ºC of warming, which scientists regard
as the limit of safety, then emissions must be held to no more than
450ppm of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; the level is currently
390ppm. But the world’s existing infrastructure is already producing
80% of that “carbon budget”, according to the IEA’s analysis.
This gives an ever-narrowing gap in which to reform the global
economy on to a low-carbon footing.
By 2017, there will be no room for manoeuvre at all.
IEA＝International Energy Agency
16

17. Two Paths to a Sustainable World
Quality of Life or Well-Being
1
10
100
Developed Countries
(Material Wealth)
Sustainable Path,
Dematerialization, Decarbonization20c type
Economic Growth
Sustainable
Level
Sustainable Path
Underdeveloped Countries Simple Life
Voluntary Poverty
Spiritual Conversion
Sustainable World
Service Economy
Prosperity without
Material Growth
Per capita annual
resource consumption

18. Ecodesign Innovation
H. Brezet Factor X
First step Product Improvement 2
Second step Redesign 5
Third step Function Innovation 10
Fourth step System Innovation 20

19. Product Improvement

20. Redesign

21. Function Innovation

22. System Innovation

23. Ecodesign for increasing both Efficiency and Sufficiency
Prosperity
without
Material
Consumption
Inter-religious
Eco-theology
Agape, Compassion,
Sharing the Earth
Environmental Ethics,
Eco-literacy
Economic Bubble,
Poverty
Material
wealth
Biomimectic and
Supernatural
Eco-effectiveness
Eco-efficiency
EOP
low
high
factor 1(1990)
factor 4
factor 10(2050)
factor 1000
factor 106
Efficiency Sufficiency
high
low
Sustainability =
Efficiency × Sufficiency

24. From Green Economy to Ecological civilization
Function and
System Innovation
【Innovation】
【Conservation of Biosphere】
Improvement and
Redesign
Simple Life, Dematerialization,
Energy Saving
I only know what is enough.
Social Service based on the
awareness that our lives are owed
to the world and society
Green Economy
Ecological Civilization
＋
Green & Ethical Innovation

25. GHG Emission Zero
Wastes Zero
Poverty Zero
・
・
・
・
・
・
・
THE ZERONAUTS
John Elkington
Zero Impact Growth

26. エコプロダクツ２０１３
日時 １２月１２日（木）‐１４日（土）
場所 東京ビックサイト
（東展示場、６ホール）
主催 産業環境管理協会、
日本経済新聞社
来場者数 １７万人

29. 天皇・皇后両陛下の行幸啓

30. 高野山真言宗 総本山金剛峯寺 管長 松長有慶座主の御視察

31. Hazel Henderson

32. 50% consumers surveyed avoided
a product based on company’s
responsible reputation.
Since the onset of the recession
five years ago, the total value of
ethical markets has gone from
£35.5 bn to £47.2 bn.
Sustainable fish up 323%
£69 m → £292 m
Fair trade up 176%
£458 m → £1,262m
Free range eggs up 78%
£444 m → £792 m
“The report shows that
intervention by enlightened
businesses, together with
regulatory intervention, is driving
ethical sales growth.”

33. Study Workshops on Ethical & CSR
Procurement
• IGPN started a series of workshops and
seminars in Japan to study and analyse the
trend, case studies, and supply-chain
issues related to ethical & CSR procurement
in various regions of the world.
• IGPN plans to develop guidelines and
disseminate the information around the
world.
• Web site: http://igpn.org/csr2012/index.html
– 1st workshop: May 2012
– 2nd workshop: July 2012
– 3rd workshop: September 2012
– 4th workshop: November 2012
– Seminar: December 2012
– 5th workshop: March 2013
– 6th workshop: tbc
Participants: Green Purchasing Network (GPN) Japan,
Daiwa Institute of Research Holdings Ltd, Amita Institute
of Environmental Certification Co Ltd, Sustainability
Forum Japan, Teijin Ltd, Asahi Group Holdings Ltd,
Toyota Motor Corp, Saraya Co Ltd, KAO Corp,
Panasonic Corp, Sony Corp, Democratic Party / House
of Representatives member, Professor of Tokyo Keizai
University, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,
NEC Display Solutions Ltd, International Green
Purchasing Network (IGPN), Green Consumer
Organisation, Ministry of the Environment Japan,
Forestry Agency, Rikkyo University Graduate School of
Social Design Studies, City of Yokohama Economic
Affairs Bureau, Distribution, Distribution & Environment
Management Research Institute, Nippon Association of
Consumer Specialsits, Delphys Inc, Ethical Fashion
Japan, UNJUCI, Ethical Keitai Campaign, Fairtrade
Label Japan, Institute for International Trade &
Investment, Japan Environment Association / Eco Mark,
Integrex Inc, Fujitsu Ltd, Sekisui House Ltd, Iwate
Prefecture Government, Association for the Promotion of
Social Products (APSP), The Good Bankers Co Ltd,
Dentsu Inc Social Solution, Fair Trade Student Network,
K’s Holding Corp, Preserance Ltd, Tokyo City University,
Sophia Bank,

34. A Survey Committee
on the Ethical
Procurement was
established in IGPN
May 2012 and the first
outcome of this
Committee was
published in December
2012.

35. Green, Ethical, Sustainable Products
Fairtrade Products
FSC Products
Green Products
Ethical Jewellery
Ethical Fashion

36. General View of Ethical Procurement
• Most of the code of practice deal with human rights issues and
the welfare of workers recognised under:
– Core conventions of the International Labour Organization (ILO)
– UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
– Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• Areas usually covered by the code of practice are:
– Freedom of employment
– Freedom of association
– Safe and hygienic working conditions
– Child labour
– Living wages
– Working hours
– Non-discrimination
– Humane treatment

37. Ethical Public Procurement Trends
North America
• Addressing social / ethical agenda by central and local
governments in their procurement practice was slightly slow,
but many have now adopted relevant policies and their
numbers continue to increase.
– Canada: Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver (2007)
– USA: 6 states, 38 cities and 12 towns (2007)
European Union
• In July 2006, the European Parliament unanimously adopted a
resolution on fair trade (EP resolution “Fair Trade and
development”, 6 July 2006):
– Recognised the benefits achieved by the Fair Trade movement
– Suggested the development of an EU-wide policy on Fair Trade
– Defined criteria that need to be fulfilled under Fair Trade to
protect it from abuse and calling for greater support to Fair Trade.

38. Ethical Public Procurement Trends
North America
• Addressing social / ethical agenda by central and local
governments in their procurement practice was slightly slow,
but many have now adopted relevant policies and their
numbers continue to increase.
– Canada: Calgary, Toronto, Ottawa, Vancouver (2007)
– USA: 6 states, 38 cities and 12 towns (2007)
European Union
• In July 2006, the European Parliament unanimously adopted a
resolution on fair trade (EP resolution “Fair Trade and
development”, 6 July 2006):
– Recognised the benefits achieved by the Fair Trade movement
– Suggested the development of an EU-wide policy on Fair Trade
– Defined criteria that need to be fulfilled under Fair Trade to
protect it from abuse and calling for greater support to Fair Trade.

39. Example: Ethical Procurement Policy Statement of
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra),
UK
Government policy: Value for money must be
assessed over the lifetime of a project including:
• Disposal (either sale proceeds or
decommissioning costs)
• Estimating the costs and benefits to society
as a whole
• Not simply those directly relevant to the
purchaser.
Purpose : Defra works within the legal
framework governing public procurement to
purchase goods, services and works that support
government policies to achieve:
• Value for money
• Improve efficiency
• Increase sustainability
• Support the big society
This includes promoting good governance,
social cohesion and a fairer world by
encouraging participation, inclusion and equal
opportunities and engaging people’s creativity,
energy and diversity.
The statement is based on the following
principles:
• Working conditions are safe
• Good health is promoted
• Employment is freely chosen
• Working hours are not excessive
• Wages meet at least national legal
standards
• Training is provided
• No discrimination is practised
• Diversity and good workforce practices are
encouraged
• Child labour is eliminated
• No inhumane treatment is allowed
Source: http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/ethical-procurement-policy-statement.pdf

40. International Sustainable Public
Procurement Initiative (SPPI)
Building on the work of the MTF on SPP,
UNEP in cooperation with a number of
governments and international organisations,
launched the International Sustainable
Public Procurement initiative (SPPI) at the
Rio+20 Summit in June 2012.
MTF on SPP ended its mandate in May 2011.
• Goal: To promote worldwide implementation of SPP through increased
cooperation between key stakeholders and a better understanding of its
potential benefits and impacts.
• Objectives: Aims at bringing together representatives from governments, local
authorities, business sector and civil society interested in collectively promoting
the supply and demand of sustainable products through SPP:
1. Build the case for SPP: improve the knowledge on SPP and its effectiveness
as a tool to promote sustainable consumption and production, support
greener economies and sustainable development
2. Support the implementation of SPP on the ground through increased
collaboration.

41. Good Lifestyle Design Award
by Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Purpose
• To promote various lifestyles to realise a sustainable
society.
• First award ceremony to be held in February 2014.
Examples of Criteria for Evaluation
• Contributions to environmental conservation
• Solutions to social issues, such as poverty and inequality
• Creation of cultural diversity
• Contribution to construct resilient local communities
• Promote sustainable (green and ethical) purchasing
• For future generations
• Promote eco and social innovations

42. Conclusion
Ethical Purchasing
will be crucially important
for sustainable development.