SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 3
Download to read offline
Mitigating Unfairness Due to Physical Layer Capture in Practical 802.11
Mesh Networks
Abstract:
In this paper, we describe FairMesh, which is the first attempt at mitigating
the unfairness arising from physical layer capture (PLC) in 802.11 mesh
networks. In the presence of PLC, which is surprisingly common in
practical mesh networks, existing state-of-art solutions either fail to
correctly identify the sender that needs to be throttled or are too aggressive
in reducing the sending rate. FairMesh is able to accurately detect
unfairness quickly and employs a simple CWmin adjustment algorithm to
achieve approximate max-min fairness. Our key insight is that the nodes
that cause an unfair situation to arise and can act to remedy it are often
distinct from the ones that can accurately assess the degree of unfairness.
To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to decouple the detection and
assessment of unfairness from the remedial action. A key strength of our
approach is its simplicity, which makes it amenable for deployment in
practical 802.11 mesh networks to allow an arbitrary number of flows to
operate concurrently without modifications to the 802.11 MAC. We show
via simulation and with experiments on a 20-node outdoor 802.11 wireless
mesh testbed that FairMesh has many desirable properties. First, it is fully
distributed and has negligible control overhead. Second, it achieves
approximate max-min fairness, and can be modified to support a different
notion of fairness (e.g., proportional fairness). Third, it can handle multiple
(more than two) competing links and can scale up to mesh networks with
tens of nodes. Fourth, it remains efficient under high data rates and high
loss rates. Finally, FairMesh interacts well with TCP and maintains good
fairness when a multi-hop flow competes with a single-hop flow.
Existing System:
Proposed System:
We designed and implemented Fair- Mesh, a new algorithm for adjusting
the contention windows among competing flows to achieve approximate
max min fairness. Our key insight is that the nodes that cause an unfair
situation to arise and can act to remedy it are often distinct from the ones
that can promptly detect and accurately assess the unfairness. To the best
of our knowledge, we are the first to decouple the detection and
assessment of unfairness from the remedial action.
Unfairness among competing links arises only when the competing links
have backlogged traffic, i.e., when there is an accumulation of packets at
the transmission queue. Such a scenario is not uncommon, especially
considering the prediction that the bandwidth-hungry video traffic is
expected to make up 69 percent of the Internet traffic in 2017, more than
half of which is carried by Wi-Fi.
Hardware Requirements:
• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• RAM : 256 Mb.
Software Requirements:
• Operating system : - Windows XP.
• Front End : - JSP
• Back End : - SQL Server
Software Requirements:
• Operating system : - Windows XP.
• Front End : - .Net
• Back End : - SQL Server

More Related Content

More from ieeeprojectschennai

Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...
Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...
Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Practical conflict graphs in the wild
Practical conflict graphs in the wildPractical conflict graphs in the wild
Practical conflict graphs in the wildieeeprojectschennai
 
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehicles
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehiclesSwimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehicles
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehiclesieeeprojectschennai
 
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networks
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networksImpact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networks
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networksieeeprojectschennai
 
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filters
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filtersFrequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filters
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filtersieeeprojectschennai
 
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithms
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithmsattack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithms
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithmsieeeprojectschennai
 
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timing
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timingEconomic analysis of 4 g upgrade timing
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timingieeeprojectschennai
 
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoff
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoffCooperative pseudo bayesian backoff
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoffieeeprojectschennai
 
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networksCognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networksieeeprojectschennai
 
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...ieeeprojectschennai
 
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...ieeeprojectschennai
 

More from ieeeprojectschennai (20)

Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...
Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...
Swiper exploiting virtual machine vulnerability in third party clouds with co...
 
Practical conflict graphs in the wild
Practical conflict graphs in the wildPractical conflict graphs in the wild
Practical conflict graphs in the wild
 
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...
Design and analysis of medium access protocol throughput and short term fairn...
 
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...
Fundamental limits of cdf based scheduling throughput, fairness, and feedback...
 
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...
Ensuring predictable contact opportunity for scalable vehicular internet acce...
 
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...
Utilize signal traces from others a crowdsourcing perspective of energy savin...
 
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehicles
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehiclesSwimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehicles
Swimming seamless and efficient wi fi based internet access from moving vehicles
 
Spatial spectrum access game
Spatial spectrum access gameSpatial spectrum access game
Spatial spectrum access game
 
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networks
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networksImpact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networks
Impact of location popularity on throughput and delay in mobile ad hoc networks
 
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filters
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filtersFrequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filters
Frequency diversity aware wi-fi using ofdm-based bloom filters
 
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithms
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithmsattack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithms
attack resilinet mxi zones over road networks architecture and algorithms
 
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timing
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timingEconomic analysis of 4 g upgrade timing
Economic analysis of 4 g upgrade timing
 
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoff
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoffCooperative pseudo bayesian backoff
Cooperative pseudo bayesian backoff
 
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
 
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
 
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...
Cooperation without synchronization practical cooperative relaying for wirele...
 
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
Context aware qo e modelling, measurement, and prediction in mobile computing...
 
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networksCognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Cognitive radio aware transport protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
 
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...
Bracer a distributed broadcast protocol in multi hop cognitive radio ad hoc n...
 
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...
Analysis of smart mobile applications for healthcare under dynamic context ch...
 

Recently uploaded

Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityGeoBlogs
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinRaunakKeshri1
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room servicediscovermytutordmt
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsTechSoup
 
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and ModeMeasures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and ModeThiyagu K
 
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxUnit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxVishalSingh1417
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactPECB
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfciinovamais
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactdawncurless
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhikauryashika82
 
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionMaksud Ahmed
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...Sapna Thakur
 
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationInteractive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationnomboosow
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfJayanti Pande
 
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13Steve Thomason
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdfQucHHunhnh
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfAdmir Softic
 
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdfClass 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdfAyushMahapatra5
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfagholdier
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
Advanced Views - Calendar View in Odoo 17
 
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activityParis 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
Paris 2024 Olympic Geographies - an activity
 
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpinStudent login on Anyboli platform.helpin
Student login on Anyboli platform.helpin
 
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service9548086042  for call girls in Indira Nagar  with room service
9548086042 for call girls in Indira Nagar with room service
 
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The BasicsIntroduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
Introduction to Nonprofit Accounting: The Basics
 
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and ModeMeasures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
 
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptxUnit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
Unit-IV- Pharma. Marketing Channels.pptx
 
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global ImpactBeyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
Beyond the EU: DORA and NIS 2 Directive's Global Impact
 
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdfActivity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
Activity 01 - Artificial Culture (1).pdf
 
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impactAccessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
Accessible design: Minimum effort, maximum impact
 
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in DelhiRussian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
Russian Escort Service in Delhi 11k Hotel Foreigner Russian Call Girls in Delhi
 
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introductionmicrowave assisted reaction. General introduction
microwave assisted reaction. General introduction
 
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
BAG TECHNIQUE Bag technique-a tool making use of public health bag through wh...
 
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communicationInteractive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
Interactive Powerpoint_How to Master effective communication
 
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdfWeb & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
Web & Social Media Analytics Previous Year Question Paper.pdf
 
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
The Most Excellent Way | 1 Corinthians 13
 
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf1029 -  Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
1029 - Danh muc Sach Giao Khoa 10 . pdf
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdfClass 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
Class 11th Physics NEET formula sheet pdf
 
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdfHoldier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
Holdier Curriculum Vitae (April 2024).pdf
 

Mitigating unfairness due to physical layer capture in practical 802.11 mesh networks

  • 1. Mitigating Unfairness Due to Physical Layer Capture in Practical 802.11 Mesh Networks Abstract: In this paper, we describe FairMesh, which is the first attempt at mitigating the unfairness arising from physical layer capture (PLC) in 802.11 mesh networks. In the presence of PLC, which is surprisingly common in practical mesh networks, existing state-of-art solutions either fail to correctly identify the sender that needs to be throttled or are too aggressive in reducing the sending rate. FairMesh is able to accurately detect unfairness quickly and employs a simple CWmin adjustment algorithm to achieve approximate max-min fairness. Our key insight is that the nodes that cause an unfair situation to arise and can act to remedy it are often distinct from the ones that can accurately assess the degree of unfairness. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to decouple the detection and assessment of unfairness from the remedial action. A key strength of our approach is its simplicity, which makes it amenable for deployment in practical 802.11 mesh networks to allow an arbitrary number of flows to operate concurrently without modifications to the 802.11 MAC. We show via simulation and with experiments on a 20-node outdoor 802.11 wireless mesh testbed that FairMesh has many desirable properties. First, it is fully distributed and has negligible control overhead. Second, it achieves
  • 2. approximate max-min fairness, and can be modified to support a different notion of fairness (e.g., proportional fairness). Third, it can handle multiple (more than two) competing links and can scale up to mesh networks with tens of nodes. Fourth, it remains efficient under high data rates and high loss rates. Finally, FairMesh interacts well with TCP and maintains good fairness when a multi-hop flow competes with a single-hop flow. Existing System: Proposed System: We designed and implemented Fair- Mesh, a new algorithm for adjusting the contention windows among competing flows to achieve approximate max min fairness. Our key insight is that the nodes that cause an unfair situation to arise and can act to remedy it are often distinct from the ones that can promptly detect and accurately assess the unfairness. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to decouple the detection and assessment of unfairness from the remedial action. Unfairness among competing links arises only when the competing links have backlogged traffic, i.e., when there is an accumulation of packets at the transmission queue. Such a scenario is not uncommon, especially considering the prediction that the bandwidth-hungry video traffic is expected to make up 69 percent of the Internet traffic in 2017, more than half of which is carried by Wi-Fi. Hardware Requirements:
  • 3. • System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. • Hard Disk : 40 GB. • Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb. • Monitor : 15 VGA Colour. • Mouse : Logitech. • RAM : 256 Mb. Software Requirements: • Operating system : - Windows XP. • Front End : - JSP • Back End : - SQL Server Software Requirements: • Operating system : - Windows XP. • Front End : - .Net • Back End : - SQL Server