Remote control system of high efficiency and intelligent street lighting using power line communication and sensors

1. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
112
REMOTE-CONTROL SYSTEM OF HIGH EFFICIENCY
AND INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING USING POWER
LINE COMMUNICATION AND SENSORS
Anu K George1
, Aby Mathew2
1
M.Tech VLSI & Embedded Systems, ECE, SNGCE, Ernakulam, India
2
Assistant Professor, ECE, SNGCE, Ernakulam, India
ABSTRACT
The proposed remote-control system uses DALI protocol to optimize management and efficiency of street
lighting systems using TDA5051A modem IC for power line communication This system enables more efficient street
lamp-system management. It uses a sensor combination to control and guarantee the desired system parameters; the
information is transferred point by point using power line communication and is sent to a control terminal used to check
the status of the street lamps and to take appropriate measures in case of failure. The work aims at the unification of the
three mentioned possibilities, creating an intelligent lamp post managed by a remote controlled system which uses the
LED based light sources thus integrating latest technologies to describe an intelligent management and control of street
lighting.
Keywords: Control System, DALI Protocol, Lighting System, Power Line Modem, Sensors.
1. INTRODUCTION
The recent increasing pressure related to the raw material costs and the greater social sensitivity to
environmental issues are leading manufacturers to develop new techniques and technologies which allow significant cost
savings and a greater respect for the environment. The first one, and perhaps the most intuitive, is the use of new
technologies for the sources of light. In this area, light-emitting diode (LED) technology is the best solution because it
offers many benefits. Researchers [1]–[4] have already considered this possibility, designing an advanced street lighting
system based on LEDs.
The second possible solution, and perhaps the most revolutionary, is the use of a remote-control system based
on intelligent lamp posts that send information to a central control system, thus simplifying management and
maintenance issues. Researchers [5]–[9] have developed a street lamp system using the general-packet radio service
(GPRS), power-line carrier, or Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM) transmissions.
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2. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
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Fig. 1: Schematic image of the system
Finally, the third possibility would be the use of renewable energy sources locally available, rather than
conventional power sources. The work aims at the unification of the three mentioned possibilities, creating an intelligent
lamp post managed by a remote-controlled system which uses LED-based light sources and is powered by renewable
energy.
The control is implemented through a network of sensors to collect the relevant information related to the
management and maintenance of the system, transferring the information via power line using the DALI protocol. It uses
a sensor combination to control and guarantee the desired system parameters; the information is transferred point by
point using power line communication by use of TDA5050A modem IC and is sent to a control terminal which is used
to check the state of the street lamps and to take appropriate measures in case of failure.
2. DEVICES AND METHODS
Research [12] have developed this system using ZigBee module. Fig. 1 shows the conceptual scheme of the
proposed system. It consists of a group of observation stations on the street (one station for each lamp post) and a base
station typically placed in a building located nearby. It is a modular system, easily extendable.
2.1. Monitoring Station
The monitoring station which acts as slave, located in each lamp post consists of several modules : the presence
sensor, the light sensor, the failure sensor, and an emergency alarm. These devices work together and transfer all of the
information to a microcontroller which processes the data and automatically sets the appropriate course of action.
2.1.1 Presence Sensor
The task of the presence sensor is to identify the passage of a vehicle or pedestrian, giving an input to turn on a
lamp or a group of lamps. This function depends on the pattern of the street; in case of a street without cross- roads, a
single sensor is sufficient, while for a street requiring more precise control, a solution with multiple presence detectors is
necessary. This feature enables switching on the lamps only when necessary, avoiding a waste of energy. The main
challenge with such a sensor is its correct placement. The sensor should be placed at an optimal height, not too low that
is to avoid any erroneous detection of small animals nor too high for example, to avoid failure to detect children. I
discovered that PIR motion sensor offers good performance and is quite affordable.
2.1.2 Light Sensor
Alight sensor can measure the brightness of the sunlight and provides information. The purpose of this
measurement is to ensure a minimum level of illumination of the street, as required by regulations (see CIE et al. [19]).
The sensor must have high sensitivity in the visible spectrum, providing a photocurrent high enough for low light
luminance levels. For this reason, the phototransistor has been selected. Based on the measured luminance, the
microcontroller drives the lamp in order to maintain a constant level of illumination. This action is obviously not required
during daylight time, but it is desirable in the early morning and at dusk, when it is not necessary to operate the lamp at
full power but simply as a support to the sunlight. This mode enables saving electric power supplied to the lamp because
the lamp is regulated by the combined action of the sensor and the microcontroller to ensure the minimum illumination
required.
2.1.3 Fault Sensor
This sensor is useful to improve fault management and system maintenance. It is possible to recognize when the
lamp is switched on. The system is able to recognize false positives, because identified parameters are compared with the

3. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
114
stored data. Current sensor is used to recognize any fault in the system. The information is reported through the power
line network to the station control unit, where the operator is informed about the location of the broken-down lamp and
can send a technician to replace it. It is possible to store in the microcontroller’s memory the current value which flows
in the LED lamp in normal operating conditions, enabling the online power consumption measurement result in poor
reproduction.
Therefore, it is better if the image is slightly larger, as a minor reduction in size should not have an adverse
affect the quality of the image.
2.1.4 Emergency Alarm
The system has an emergency button, which can be useful in case of an emergency. This device excludes the
entire sensor system with the objective to immediately turn on thealarm when a button is pressed from the base station.
The alarm will remain on for a preset time. After that, the button must be pressed again.
2.1.5 Control Unit
The sensors transfer the collected information to a controller which runs the software to analyze the system.
After the initial setting, the system is controlled by the light sensor which activates the microcontroller only if the
sunlight illumination is lower than a fixed threshold. In case of a vehicle or a pedestrian microcontroller switches on the
lamp. Once the lamp has been switched on, the operating sensor starts the monitoring and, in case of a fault detection,
fault information is sent to the control center through power line. If no fault is detected, the microcontroller measures the
current flux by the current sensor memorizing the current values. It also turns on and off the lamp as per the instructions
from the base station.
The controller transfer the fault indication to the base station in DALI protocol format. The information send to
the base station is the backward frame which consists of one start bit, then 16 bit data and two stop bits. Controller also
receives a forward frame which consists of one start bit, 16 bit data and two stop bits. Any warning regarding any natural
calamity can be received from the base station.
PIC16F877A is used as control unit because of low cost, wide availability, extensive collection of application
notes, availability of low cost or free development tools and serial programming capability.
2.2 DALI Protocol
The international standard (IEC929) DALI (Digitally Addressable Lighting Interface) bus communication
protocol is intended for use in digital TL-ballast intelligent lighting systems. In a typical application, a DALI-bus consists
of one controller (master), and multiple slaves. It can control up to 64 different slaves (ballasts) within the same control
system. It’s possible to transmit commands to single ballasts or to a group of ballasts. The DALI bus consists of two wires,
providing a differential signal. Data is transmitted in frames. There are two different frame types: a “forward” frame (2
bytes, sent by the master to the slaves), and a “backward” frame (1 byte, sent by a slave to the master, possibly containing
status info) [10]. Fig. 3 shows typical DALI bus network structure.In the proposed system, both forward and backward
frames are of 2 bytes as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig 3: Typical DALI bus network structure.
Fig 4: Forward and backward frame format

4. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
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DALI uses a bi-phase (also called Manchester) encoding, which means thatthe data is transmitted usingthe
edges of the signal. A rising edge indicates a ‘1’; a falling edge indicates a ‘0’ (see Fig. 2).
Every bit takes two periods TE. The defined bit rate of DALI is 1200 bps. So, 1 bit period (2TE) is ~834 µsec.
A frame is started by a start bit, and ends with two high-level stop bits (no change of phase). Data is transmitted with the
MSB first. Between frames, the bus is in idle (high) state. Every DALI slave is able to react to a short address, 16 group
addresses and broadcast.
Fig 2: Biphase Encoding in DALI protocol.
Table 1: Addressing Scheme in DALI
Type of addresses Address byte
Shortorgroup address YAAAAAAS
Short addresses (64) 0AAAAAAS
Group addresses (16) 100AAAAS
Broadcast 1111111S
Special Command 101CCCC1
Special Command 110CCCC1
S: selector bit: S = ‘0’ direct arc power level following S = ‘1’ command following , Y: short- or group address: Y = ‘0’
short address Y = ‘1’ group address or broadcast, A : significant address bit, C : significant command bit
2.3 Power Line Communication
Information in DALI protocol format is transmitted through power line. Information is transferred point by
point, from one lamp post to another where each lamp post has a unique address in the system. TDA5051A modem IC is
used for this purpose [11].
The TDA5051A is a modem IC, specifically dedicated to ASK transmission by means of the home power
supply network, at 600 baud rate or 1200 baud rate. It operates from a single 5V supply. Information in DALI protocol
format is transmitted through power line. Information is transferred point by point, from one lamppost to another where
each lamp post has a unique address in the system. TDA5051A modem IC is used. Both transmission and reception
stages are controlled either by the master clock of the microcontroller or by the on-chip reference oscillator connected to
a crystal. This ensures the accuracy of the transmission carrier and the exact trimming of digital filter, thus making
performance of system totally independent of application disturbances such as component spread temperature, supply
drift and so on. The interface with the power network is made by means of an LC network. The device includes a power
output stage that feeds a 120 dBµV (RMS) signal on a typical 30 Ω load.
To reduce power consumption, the IC is disabled by a power-down input (pin PD): in this mode, the on-chip
oscillator remains active and the clock continues to be supplied at pin CLKOUT. For low-power operation in reception
mode, this pin can be dynamically controlled by the microcontroller. When the circuit is connected to an external clock
generator, the clock signal must be applied at pin OSC1 (pin 7); OSC2 (pin 8) must be left open-circuit. All logic inputs
and outputs are compatible with TTL/CMOS levels.
In the transmission mode, the carrier frequency is generated by scanning the ROM memory under the control of
the microcontroller clock or the reference frequency provided by the on-chip oscillator. High frequency clocking rejects
the aliasing components to such an extent that they are filtered by the coupling LC network and do not cause any
significant disturbance. The data modulation is applied through pin DATAIN and smoothly applied by specific digital
circuits to the carrier. Harmonic components are limited in this process, thus avoiding unacceptable disturbance of the
transmission channel. A −55 dB Total Harmonic Distortion (TDH) is reached when the typical LC coupling network is
used.

5. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
116
In the reception mode, the input signal received by the modem is applied to a wide range input amplifier with
AGC (−6 to +30 dB). This is basically for noise performance improvement and signal level adjustment, which ensures a
maximum sensitivity of the ADC. An 8-bit conversion is then performed, followed by digital band-pass filtering. After
digital
Fig 5: Relationship between DATAIN and TXOUT
demodulation, the baseband data signal is made available after pulse shaping. Fig. 5 shows the relationship between
DATAIN and TXOUT.
2.4 Base Station Control
The base control station is the hub of the system since it allows the visualization of the entire lighting system.
The transmission system consists of TDA5051A modem IC that receives information on the state of the lamps and sends
it to a terminal. The processing unit consists of a PIC microcontroller and a terminal with a serial Universal
Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) interface which receives information about the fault condition of the lamps.
The terminal is required for a graphical display of the results. Moreover, data on lamps’ operation are associated with the
lamp address; consequently, all faults are easily identified.
The graphical interface using LABVIEW enables monitoring the state of the system. The operator will have a
graphical representation of the lamp location within the area where the system is installed.
3. DETAILS AND BUILDUP
In the proposed system the most important elements are:
• the voltage controllers which provide power to all other devices
• the microcontroller (Microchip PIC 16f688), which manages the system
• the TDA5051A modem IC and its associated circuitry.
• connectors for programming the pic (ProgPort), for optional serial transistor transistor logic (TTL), for an external
reference voltage, necessary for the correct activity of the PIC analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and for the
input/output (I/O) ports.
Fig. 6 shows the printed-circuit board (PCB) of the monitoring station circuit. The circuit has been realized in
surface-mount device (SMD) technology to reduce the overall dimensions.
4. CONCLUSION
This project describes a new intelligent street lighting system which integrates new technologies available on
the market to offer higher efficiency and considerable savings. This can be achieved using the highly efficient LED
technology supplied by renewable energy of solar panels, for which the cost of energy is independent from the power
supplier prices, combined to an intelligent management of the lamp posts derived by a control system switching on the
light only when necessary, increasing the lamps’ lifetime. Another advantage obtained by the control system is the
intelligent management of the lamp posts by sending data to a central station by power line communication. The system
maintenance can be easily and efficiently planned from the central station, allowing additional savings.

6. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management (ICETEM14)
30 – 31, December 2014, Ernakulam, India
117
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Management and staff, SNG College of Engineering for
providing the facilities.I am also grateful to my guide, Mr. Aby Mathew(Assistant Prof., SNGCE), for his valuable
contributions and encouragement which make this work successful. Last but not the least; I humbly extend my gratitude to
my friends and family, for their unending support. Above all, I thank God Almighty for giving me strength, courage and
blessings to complete this work.
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ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.