1. Solar
s
aircraftS
By Abolfazl Mazloom
November 2012
2.
3. Why solar energy?
Infinity
Availability
Inexpensive
No pollution
No preservation cost
High power-to-weight ratio
Easy to Product
…
4. World Solar Energy Map
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5. Proportion of Utilization
Asia; 4%
• Six Countries hosting the
North America; 16%
majority of large
photovoltaic power plants:
USA
Italy
Germany
Spain
Japan
South Korea
Europe; 80%
6. Total Global PV Power
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7. Dissection Solar
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8. THE BAND GAP
In solid state physics and related applied
fields, the band gap is the energy
difference between the top of the valence
band and the bottom of the conduction
band in insulators and semiconductors. It
is often spelt "band gap".
10. Silicon Crystalline Technology
Currently makes up 86% of PV market
Very stable with module efficiencies 10-16%
Mono crystalline PV Cells
• Made using saw-cut from single
cylindrical crystal of Si
• Operating efficiency up to 15%
Multi Crystalline PV Cells
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Second level melted and recrystallised
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silicon
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Cell efficiency ~12%
•
• Accounts for 90% of
crystalline Si market
11. Thin Film Technology
Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass,
metal or polymers
Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick
compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells
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PROS
• Low cost substrate and Second level
fabrication process Third level
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CONS Fifth level
• Not very stable
12. Amorphous Silicon PV Cells
Operating efficiency ~6%
Makes up about 13% of PV market
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• Mature manufacturing
technologies available
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CONS Fourth level
• Initial 20-40% loss in Fifth level
efficiency
13. Poly Crystalline PV Cells
Non – Silicon Based Technology
Copper Indium
High absorption coefficient
High efficiency levels
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PROS
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• 18% laboratory efficiency Fifth level
• >11% module efficiency
CONS
• Immature manufacturing
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process
14. Semiconductor Material Efficiencies
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15. Future Technologies
Ultra Thin Wafer Solar Cells
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Thickness ~ 45μm
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Cell Efficiency as high as 20.3% Fourth level
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Anti- Reflection Coating
Low cost deposition techniques use a
metal organic titanium or tantanum
mixed with suitable organic additives
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18. Silicon Solar Cells
Si is first choice for solar cells
because for good knowledge of
Si processing in micro
electronics industry
Efficiency-
26% theoretical.
24.7% obtained in laboratory.
12-16% commercial.
دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه
19. Losses
Losses in Si solar cells, causes
efficiency to reduce. Resistive loss
Reflection losses. Reflection loss
Recombination Recombination
loss
losses.
Resistive losses.
Thermal losses.
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20. Primary Energy Collection Parameters
latitude Altitude (Cloudy , Humidity)
Time of the year Cell Temperature
Time of the day Cell Orientation
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21. High Efficiency Solar Cells
Solutions
lightly phosphorus diffused emitters, to minimise recombination losses and
avoid the existence of a "dead layer" at the cell surface;
closely spaced metal lines, to minimise emitter lateral resistive power losses;
very fine metal lines, typically less than 20 µm wide, to minimise shading losses;
small area devices and good metal conductivities, to minimise resistive losses in
the metal grid;
use of elaborate metallization schemes, such as titanium/palladium/silver, that
give very low contact resistances;
use of anti-reflection coatings, which can reduce surface reflection from 30% to
well below 10%;
…
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23. Effect temperature on Solar Cells
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24. A Question?
How we must set Voltage and Current in
solar cell’s output for production maximum
power?
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25. Maximum Power Point Tracking
a device is needed that finds the maximum power point (MPP)
and converts that voltage to a voltage equal to the system voltage.
Maximum Power Point
Tracking , frequently
referred to as MPPT, is
an electronic system
that operates the
Photovoltaic (PV)
modules in a manner
that allows the modules
to produce all the
power they are capable
of.
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26. Structure A MPPT
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27. Solar panel set
Maximum Continuous Power Output : 225W DC Output Voltage: 250V
Nominal Voltage : 240 V Nominal Output Current : 0.9375 A
Nominal Frequency : 60 Hz Total Harmonic Distortion: < 5%
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28. Batteries
Several technologies are available and currently:
Lithium polymer
lithium-ion
nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH)
nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
lead-acid
Lithium-ion (or lithium-ion-polymer where the electrolyte is a gel and not a
liquid) technology is the best concerning gravimetric energy density.
They have upper efficiency and less weight as compared to another batteries.
دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
30. Solar Powered Aircraft
Advantages
They haven’t any fuel tank; High Safety
Non require to refuel; Possible long term flight
Low speed; Gangling fight on a region
Lesser mechanical section; Lesser upkeep
Environmentally friendly
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دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
31. Require to Technology
lightweight composite structures
lightweight and low power avionics systems
high efficiency electric motors & batteries
thermal control systems for high altitude flight
high specific power solar array
stratospheric flight operations
fault tolerant flight control system
دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
32. communication system
Block diagram of typical solar powered AC
Batteries Solar Cells
MPPT Board
DC/DC Navigation
DC/AC Systems
X BOARD
Communication
To All Systems
Sections
Motor Driver Power
Line
Other
Motors Data
Systems
Line
دانشکده برق و کامپیوتر - دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
34. Altitude Flight
1) Fly at minimum night altitude
2) Climb
3) Cruise at max altitude; if power is available
4) Descent at idle power
5) Fly at minimum night altitude
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35. Losses
From solar energy to propeller ~ 89% losses!!
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36. History of solar flight
Solar Riser Sunseeker Pathfinder Solar-Impulse
70’s 80’s 90’s 2000’s
Solar Solair II Helius
Challenger
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38. Solar Impulse
Objective:
Develop a manned solar powered aircraft
which can fly around the world with solar
power only
Approach:
The goal for the Solar Impulse community
is to have this aircraft fly across the world one
day
Consequence:
Fly for 26 hours; Nine of these hours were
during the night
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39. Specification
Wingspan: 63,4m Motor power: 4x10HP electric engines
Length: 21.85m Solar cells: 11628 (10748 on the
Height:
wing, 880 on the horizontal stabilizer)
6.4m
Average flying speed: 70 km/h
Maximum altitude: 8500m Take off speed: 35 km/h
Weight: 1600Kg
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41. References
solar cells- materials, manufacture and operation; by
Tom Markvart
Design of Solar Powered Airplanes for Continuous
Flight; by André Noth
http://www.wholesalesolar.com/solar-panels.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Cells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Impulse
http://www.solarimpulse.com/
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