3. 1. Nouns
Words that refer to a person, animal, thing
or an abstraqct idea. Nouns answer to the
questions what and who. Nouns can
function as subject or object.
Nouns can be: proper, common,
abstract, concrete, animate, inanimate,
colective, compound, countable and
uncountable
4. Common: name a group of similar things.
Ex: table, cars, people, dogs, etc.
Proper: refer to the name of a person,
animal, thing or place. Ex: Paris
5. Abstract: idea, event, quatlity or concept.
Ex. Love
Concrete: name something recognizable
to the senses . Ex: bird
Compound: refer to 2 or more nouns
combined to a single word: Ex fruit juice
6. Animate: person, animal, plant or other
living creature. Ex: shark
Inanimate: refers to a material object. Ex:
shoe
Collective: describes oa group of things or
people as a unit. Ex : family
7. Countable: can be counted and have a
singular and plural form. Ex: one dog / three
dogs
1 3
Uncountable: Cannot be counted, are used
only in singular. Ex: money
8. 2. Pronouns
Refer to a noun, an individual or
individuals or thing or things whose
identity is made clear earlier in the text.
Types of Pronouns: Personal,
demonstrative, relative, indefinite,
intensive, reflexive, interrogative and
reciprocal.
10. Demonstrative Pronouns
They identify or point to nouns:
this/that/these/those/such. For example:
• That is incredible! (referring to something you just
saw)
• I will never forget this. (referring to a recent
experience)
• Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just
made)
11. Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that)
relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns
(The student who studies hardest usually does the
best.). The word who connects or relates the
subject, student, to the verb within the dependent
clause (studies)
12. Indefinite pronouns
The indefinite pronouns (everybody/anybody /
somebody /all/each/every/some/none/one) do not
substitute for specific nouns but function
themselves as nouns
Example : Everybody is happy
Nobody went to the party
13. Intensive Pronouns
The intensive pronouns (such as myself, yourself,
herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a
personal pronoun plus self or selves and emphasize
a noun. Example:
I myself don't know the answer.
14. Reflexive pronouns
The reflexive pronouns (which have the same
forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the
sentence subject also receives the action of the
verb. Ex: You paid yourself a million dollars. She
encouraged herself to do well. What this means is
that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a
sentence there must be a person to whom that
pronoun can "reflect."
15. Interrogative Pronouns
The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what)
introduce questions. Like the relative pronouns, the
interrogative pronouns introduce noun clauses, and
like the relative pronouns, the interrogative
pronouns play a subject role in the clauses they
introduce. Ex: I know who that man is
16. Reciprocal Pronouns
The reciprocal pronouns are each other (2
nouns) and one another (3 or more nouns). They
are convenient forms for combining ideas
Ex: They gave each other books for Christmas
17. 3. Phrasal verbs
The term phrasal verb is commonly applied to
two or three distinct but related constructions
in English: a verb and a particle OR ADVERB
and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single
semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be
understood based upon the meanings of the
individual parts in isolation, but rather it can
be taken as a whole
21. Transitive Phrasal Verbs
Have a direct object
Examples: I find out the word (word: D.O.)
TRANSITIVE
Separable Inseparable
She looks after
her baby
I turn on the radio
I turn it on
23. 4. Prepositional Phrases
Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition
and an object of a preposition. Prepositions
are indeclinable words that introduce the
object of a prepositional phrase. Indeclinable
words are words that have only one possible
form.
24. A prepositional phrase will begin with a
preposition and end with a noun, pronoun,
gerund, or clause, the object of the preposition.
A prepositional phrase will never contain the
subject of a sentence
25. Examples:
Noun: At home / on time
Pronoun: with me / from him/ to you
Gerund: by swimming
Clause: about what she was talking
26. Prepositional phrases can function as:
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
Answer to
question:
which one?
Anwer to
question: how,
when or ,
where
The girl in the
classroom is
crying
Before
school I
visited him
27. 5. Indirect Objects
The indirect object (I.O) of a sentence is
the recipient of the direct object (D.O)
Example:
Michelle gave her mother a rose
I.O D.O.
Saul told her a secret
I.O. D.O
28. How to find an I.O?
Before you can find the indirect object, you have
to find the direct object. You can find the direct
object by finding the verb and asking what?. Once
you've found the direct object, ask who or what
received it?
Ex: Mary passed the salt to Luis
What did she pass? The salt (D.O.)
To whom did she pass the salt? To Luis (I.O)