1. Chapter 10: Sustaining Terrestrial
Biodiversity
The Ecosystem Approach
Case Study: The Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf to Yel

2. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?
 Intrinsic Value
 Instrumental Value
 Use Value: For the
usefulness in terms of
economic and
ecological services.
 Nonuse Value:
existence, aesthetics,
bequest for future
generations.
Figure 10-3

3. Types of Forests
 Old-growth forest: uncut or
regenerated forest that has not
been seriously disturbed for
several hundred years.
 22% of world’s forest.
 Hosts many species with
specialized niches.
Figure 10-5

4. Types of Forests
 Second-growth forest: a stand of trees resulting
from natural secondary succession.
 Tree plantation: planted stands of a particular
tree species.
Figure 10-6

5. Animation: Hubbard Brook
Experiment
PLAY
ANIMATION

6. Forest Benefits
1. Influence local climates: 4. Roots hold soil: reduce
cooler and moister due erosion
to transpiration 5. Watershed protection:
2. Global biogeochemical absorb, hold and slowly
cycles: provide a sink release water,
for CO2 controlling floods
3. Release O2 6. Provide habitat for many
organisms

7. Tropical Deforestation
 Agriculture
 Logging
 Mining
 Hydroelectric power development

8. Tropical Deforestation: Causes
Fig. 11-18 p. 212

9. Reducing Tropical Deforestation
Encourage protection of large tracts
Sustainable tropical agriculture
Debt-for-nature swaps
Reduce illegal
cutting
Reducing poverty and population growth
Refer to Fig. 11-19 p. 213

10. Amazon Rainforest
Satellite
image of deforestation in
the Amazon region,
taken from the Brazilian
state of Para on July 15,
1986.
http://www.bsrsi.msu.edu/rf
rc/index.html

11. Boreal Deforestation
 Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, North Russia
 11% of earth’s land area – world’s largest biome
 Frequently clear cut
 Primary source of industrial wood and wood
fiber
 Annual loss twice the Amazonian rainforest of
Brazil

12. Temperate Forests
 Have been holding steady or increasing in recent
years
 Biodiversity lower than in virgin forests
 Reasons include:
 Secondary succession of abandoned farms
 Commercial planting
 Government protection

13. Results of Deforestation
1. Threatens native people and cultures
2. Decreased soil fertility
3. Soil erosion
4. Increased sedimentation in streams
5. Formation of deserts in dry areas
6. Unregulated water – droughts and floods
7. Species extinction
8. Migrating species affected
9. Regional and global climate change
10. Increased CO2 in atmosphere

14. 
Selective Cutting
The hard maple forest is
managed under a selection
system. Individual trees are
harvested from stands on a 28
year cycle. Specific trees are
retained in these stands for
biodiversity and wildlife
habitat purposes.

15. Selective Cutting

16. Clear cutting

17. Clear cutting

18. Ten year old
clear cut –
Tongass
National Forest,
Alaska
US FS photo 1979

19. Western Red cedar stump, Washington
USFS photo

20. Logging debris in creek, Umpqua
National Forest, Oregon USFS photo

21. Planting after clear cut – Jack Pine
Tree Plantation – one species and even aged stand

22. Shelterwood Cutting

23. Shelterwood Cutting – Lake Superior

24. Strip Cutting Forestry in Idaho

25. Types and Effects of Forest Fires
 Depending on their intensity, fires can benefit or harm forests.
 Burn away flammable ground material.
 Release valuable mineral nutrients.
Figure 10-13

26. Kenya’s Green Belt Movement:
Individuals Matter
 Wangari Maathai founded
the Green Belt Movement.
 The main goal is to
organize poor women to
plant (for fuelwood) and
protect millions of trees.
 In 2004, awarded Nobel
peace prize.
Figure 10-10A

27. The Green Belt Movement
 Wangari Maathai
talks about the Billion Tree Campaign
 Earth Focus: Wangari Maathai