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- 1. Free Ebooks download By: ebooks.edhole.com
- 2. Methods of Separating Mixtures • Magnet • Filter • Decant • Evaporation • Centrifuge • Chromatography • Distillation ebooks.edhole.com
- 3. Filtration separates a liquid from a solid Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40 Mixture of solid and liquid Stirring rod Filtrate (liquid component of the mixture) Funnel Filter paper traps solid ebooks.edhole.com
- 5. Chromatography • Tie-dye t-shirt • Black pen ink • DNA testing – Tomb of Unknown Soldiers – Crime scene – Paternity testing ebooks.edhole.com
- 7. Separation by Chromatography sample mixture a chromatographic column stationary phase selectively absorbs components mobile phase sweeps sample down column detector ebooks.edhole.com http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
- 8. Separation by Chromatography sample mixture a chromatographic column stationary phase selectively absorbs components mobile phase sweeps sample down column detector ebooks.edhole.com http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
- 9. Ion chromatogram of orange juice response 0 5 10 15 20 25 detector Na+ time (minutes) K+ Mg2+ Fe3+ Ca2+ ebooks.edhole.com
- 10. Setup to heat a solution Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42 Ring stand Beaker Wire gauze Ring Bunsen burner ebooks.edhole.com
- 11. A Hero’s Fountain Glass retort long spout helps vapors to condense mixture for distillation placed in here Furnace Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 13 ebooks.edhole.com
- 12. A Distillation Apparatus liquid with a solid dissolved in it thermometer condenser tube distilling flask pure liquid receiving hose connected to flask Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 282 cold water faucet ebooks.edhole.com
- 13. The solution is boiled and steam is driven off. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39 ebooks.edhole.com
- 14. Salt remains after all water is boiled off. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39 ebooks.edhole.com
- 15. No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled. Saltwater solution (homogeneous mixture) Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40 Distillation (physical method) Salt Pure water ebooks.edhole.com
- 16. Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture. ebooks.edhole.com Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
- 17. Separation of Sand from Salt 1. Gently break up your salt-crusted sand with a plastic spoon. Follow this flowchart to make a complete separation. Salt-crusted sand. Pour into heat-resistant container. Dry sand. Wet sand. Weigh the mixture. Decant clear liquid. Evaporate to dryness. Fill with water. Stir and let settle 1 minute. Weigh sand. Calculate weight of salt. No Repeat Yes 3 times? 2. How does this flow chart insure a complete separation? ebooks.edhole.com
- 18. Four-stroke Internal Combustion Engine ebooks.edhole.com
- 19. Different Types of Fuel Combustion Gasoline (octane) 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 16 CO2 + 18 H2O Methanol (in racing fuel) __CH3OH +__O2 __CO2 +__H2O ebooks.edhole.com
- 20. Combustion Chamber -The combustion chamber is the area where compression and combustion take place. -Gasoline and air must be mixed in the correct ratio. ebooks.edhole.com
- 21. The Advantages of Methanol - Burning Engines •Methanol can run at much higher compression ratios, meaning that you can get more power from the engine on each piston stroke. •Methanol provides significant cooling when it evaporates in the cylinder, helping to keep the high-revving, high-compression engine from overheating. •Methanol, unlike gasoline, can be extinguished with water if there is a fire. This is an important safety feature. •The ignition temperature for methanol (the temperature at which it starts burning) is much higher than that for gasoline, so the risk of an accidental fire is lower. ebooks.edhole.com
- 22. A Race Car - Basic Information •At 900 hp, it has about two to three times the horsepower of a "high-performance" automotive engine. For example, Corvettes or Vipers might have 350- to 400-horsepower engines. •At 15,000 rpm, it runs at about twice the rpm of a normal automotive engine. Compared to a normal engine, an methanol engine has larger pistons and the pistons travel a shorter distance up and down on each stroke. •The motor is lighter. This lowers their inertia and is another factor in the high rpm. ebooks.edhole.com
- 23. Centrifugation • Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) • Separate blood into serum and plasma – Serum (clear) – Plasma (contains red blood cells ‘RBCs’) • Check for anemia (lack of iron) Before Blood AFTER Serum RBC’s A B C ebooks.edhole.com
- 24. Water Molecules ebooks.edhole.com Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8
- 25. The decomposition of two water molecules. Electric current Water molecules Diatomic Diatomic oxygen molecule + hydrogen molecules 2 H2O O2 + 2 H2 ebooks.edhole.com
- 26. Electrolysis “electro” = electricity “lysis” = to split *H1+ water oxygen hydrogen *Must add acid catalyst to conduct electricity Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 32 Water Hydrogen gas forms Oxygen gas forms Source of Electrode direct current H2O(l) O2 (g) + 2 H2 (g) ebooks.edhole.com
- 27. Electrolysis of Water Half reaction at the cathode (reduction): 4 H2O + 4 e - 2 H2 + 4 OH 1- Half reaction at the anode (oxidation): 2 H2O O2 + 4 H 1+ + 4 e - hydrogen gas cathode oxygen gas anode D.C. power source water ebooks.edhole.com
- 28. RReevviieewwiinngg CCoonncceeppttss Physical Properties • List seven examples of physical properties. • Describe three uses of physical properties. • Name two processes that are used to separate mixtures. • When you describe a liquid as thick, are you saying that it has a high or low viscosity? ebooks.edhole.com
- 29. RReevviieewwiinngg CCoonncceeppttss Physical Properties • Explain why sharpening a pencil is an example of a physical change. • What allows a mixture to be separated by distillation? ebooks.edhole.com
- 30. RReevviieewwiinngg CCoonncceeppttss Chemical Properties • Under what conditions can chemical properties be observed? • List three common types of evidence for a chemical change. • How do chemical changes differ from physical changes? ebooks.edhole.com
- 31. RReevviieewwiinngg CCoonncceeppttss Chemical Properties • Explain why the rusting of an iron bar decreases the strength of the bar. • A pat of butter melts and then burns in a hot frying pan. Which of these changes is physical and which is chemical? ebooks.edhole.com
Editor's Notes
- http://www.moe.gov.sg/edumall/tl/digital_resources/chemistry/images/paper_chromatography.jpg
- http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
- http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld006.htm
- http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/sld009.htm
- Distillation is a process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapor. The liquid collected is the distillate. The usual purpose of distillation is purification or separation of the components of a mixture. This is possible because the composition of the vapor is usually different from that of liquid mixture from which it is obtained. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are produced from petroleum by distillation.
- “A Distillation Apparatus” Description: This transparency shows an apparatus used for laboratory distillations. Basic Concepts The separation of substances by distillation occurs because the boiling point of the substances differ. The substance with the lowest boiling point boils away first. Distillation is based on the principle that a substance will change from a liquid to a vapor during heating and from a vapor back to a liquid while cooling. Teaching Strategies Use this slide to explain to students how a distillation apparatus is used to purify liquids and to separate the components of liquid mixtures. Begin by reviewing the phases of matter, stressing the processes of evaporation and condensation. Remind students that different liquids have different boiling points. Point out that substances that are solids at room temperature usually have higher boiling points than do substances that are liquids at room temperature. Questions If the distilling flask shown in the diagram were open to the air (rather than being connected to the condensor), what would happen to each component of the mixture in the flask as boiling continued? Explain your answer to question 1 in terms of the boiling points of the liquid and the dissolved solid. In the distillation apparatus, the vaporized liquid must enter the condenser. The condenser consists of a long tube within another tube (the jacket). The substance in the central tube and the jacket cannot mix. Cold water enters at the bottom of the jacket and exits at the top. What is the function of the condenser jacket? How would changing the length of the condenser jacket affect how well it performs this function? Explain why the liquid entering the receiving flask is pure. To separate a mixture of methanol and water, you set up a distillation apparatus and heat the mixture to the boiling point of methanol, 65 oC. What substance would you expect to collect at the receiving flask? When you finish the experiment, you discover that the substance in the receiving flask is not pure. It still contains both water and methanol. Can you explain why? (Hint: Think about vapor pressures.) Before automobiles were invented, crude petroleum was used mainly as a source of kerosene. The petroleum was heated in a device called a still. Gasoline, then considered to be useless, evaporated first into the air. Kerosene boiled off next and was condensed and collected. A tar-like residue remained in the still. From this information, what can you deduce about the boiling points of gasoline, kerosene, and the residue? How will you know when all of one component has been separated?
- This demonstration needs to be done using DC current (to produce a 2:1 H:O ratio). Use of AC current will produce equal amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gas.
- Prentice Hall Physical Science Concepts in Action (Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos) 2004 pg 51 Viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density are examples of physical properties. Physical properties are used to identify a material, to choose a material for a specific purpose, or to separate the substances in a mixture. Filtration and distillation are two common separation methods.
- Prentice Hall Physical Science Concepts in Action (Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos) 2004 pg 51 Viscosity, conductivity, malleability, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and density are examples of physical properties. Physical properties are used to identify a material, to choose a material for a specific purpose, or to separate the substances in a mixture. Filtration and distillation are two common separation methods. http://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/e/eb/Sharpener-small.jpg/180px-Sharpener-small.jpg
- Prentice Hall Physical Science Concepts in Action (Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos) 2004 pg 51 Chemical properties can be observed only when the substance in a sample of matter are changing into different substances. Three common types of evidence for a chemical change are a change in color, the production of a gas, and the formation of a precipitate. When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter changes. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter remains the same.
- Prentice Hall Physical Science Concepts in Action (Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos) 2004 pg 51 Chemical properties can be observed only when the substance in a sample of matter are changing into different substances. Three common types of evidence for a chemical change are a change in color, the production of a gas, and the formation of a precipitate. When matter undergoes a chemical change, the composition of the matter changes. When matter undergoes a physical change, the composition of the matter remains the same. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/9/9e/225px-Rust03102006.JPG http://justhungry.com/images/butter-sizzing.jpg