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NNeewwttoonn’’ss 
SSeeccoonndd LLaaww 
TTEEKKSS 88..66AA ddeemmoonnssttrraattee aanndd ccaallccuullaattee hhooww 
uunnbbaallaanncceedd ffoorrcceess cchhaannggee tthhee ssppeeeedd oorr 
ddiirreeccttiioonn ooff aann oobbjjeecctt’’ss mmoottiioonn 
TTEEKKSS 88..66CC iinnvveessttiiggaattee aanndd ddeessccrriibbee 
aapppplliiccaattiioonnss ooff NNeewwttoonn’’ss llaaww ooff ffoorrccee aanndd 
aacccceelleerraattiioonn
NNeett FFoorrccee,, MMaassss 
aanndd AAcccceelleerraattiioonn
IIssaaaacc NNeewwttoonn 
ddiissccoovveerreedd oonnee ooff tthhee 
mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt llaawwss 
ooff nnaattuurree;; tthhee 
rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp bbeettwweeeenn 
nneett ffoorrccee,, mmaassss 
((iinneerrttiiaa)) aanndd 
aacccceelleerraattiioonn..
NNeewwttoonn’’ss sseeccoonndd llaaww 
ssttaatteess tthhaatt tthhee nneett ffoorrccee 
aaccttiinngg oonn aa mmaassss ccaauusseess 
tthhee mmaassss ttoo aacccceelleerraattee iinn 
tthhee ddiirreeccttiioonn ooff tthhee nneett 
ffoorrccee..
AA sshhoorrtthhaanndd wwaayy ooff 
wwrriittiinngg tthhiiss llaaww iiss:: 
ff == mmaa 
ff == ffoorrccee iinn nneewwttoonnss ((NN)) 
mm== mmaassss iinn kkiillooggrraammss ((kkgg)) 
aa == aacccceelleerraattiioonn iinn mmeetteerrss ppeerr 
sseeccoonndd ppeerr sseeccoonndd ((mm//ss22))
OObbjjeeccttss wwiitthh mmoorree 
mmaassss aarree mmoorree 
ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo 
aacccceelleerraattee..
IIff tthhee ssaammee 
ffoorrccee iiss aapppplliieedd 
ttoo ttwwoo oobbjjeeccttss 
wwiitthh ddiiffffeerreenntt 
mmaasssseess,, tthhee 
oonnee wwiitthh tthhee 
ssmmaalllleerr mmaassss 
wwiillll aacccceelleerraattee 
mmoorree..
MMoorree mmaassss 
mmeeaannss lleessss 
aacccceelleerraattiioonn,, 
uunnlleessss aa llaarrggeerr 
ffoorrccee iiss aapppplliieedd..
small mass 
leads to 
large mass 
leads to 
large 
acceleration 
Same 
Forces 
small acceleration
Different Forces 
small mass 
can lead to 
large mass 
same acceleration 
small force 
large force
FFaalllliinngg OObbjjeeccttss aanndd 
NNeewwttoonn’’ss 22nndd LLaaww
GGaalliilleeoo 
GGaalliilleeii,, tthhee 
IIttaalliiaann 
pphhyyssiicciisstt aanndd 
aassttrroonnoommeerr,, 
ssttuuddiieedd 
ffaalllliinngg 
oobbjjeeccttss..
HHee ffoouunndd tthhaatt 
wwhheenn ttwwoo 
oobbjjeeccttss ooff 
ddiiffffeerreenntt 
mmaasssseess aarree 
ddrrooppppeedd,, tthheeyy 
ffeellll aatt tthhee ssaammee 
rraattee..
TThhiiss wwaass nneevveerr ffuullllyy 
uunnddeerrssttoooodd uunnttiill IIssaaaacc 
NNeewwttoonn aannnnoouunncceedd hhiiss 
sseeccoonndd llaaww ooff mmoottiioonn..
IInn tthhee ccaassee ooff ffrreeee 
ffaalllliinngg oobbjjeeccttss,, tthhee 
ffoorrccee iiss eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee 
wweeiigghhtt ooff tthhee oobbjjeecctt,, 
wwhhiicchh iiss ddeetteerrmmiinneedd 
bbyy tthhee aacccceelleerraattiioonn ooff 
ggrraavviittyy ((99..88 mm//ss22))..
TTrryy ddrrooppppiinngg aa bbooookk 
aanndd aa bbaallll ooff ppaappeerr.. 
SSeeee wwhhaatt hhaappppeennss..
NNooww ttrryy ddrrooppppiinngg aa 
ppiieeccee ooff ppaappeerr aanndd aa 
bbooookk.. 
MMoosstt lliikkeellyy yyoouu wwiillll sseeee 
tthhaatt tthhee ppaappeerr ffaallllss mmoorree 
sslloowwllyy..
RReemmeemmbbeerr tthhee bbooookk 
hhaass mmoorree wweeiigghhtt tthhaann 
tthhee ppaappeerr,, ssoo iitt hhaass 
mmoorree ffoorrccee ttoo rreessiisstt 
ffrriiccttiioonn ffrroomm tthhee aaiirr..
TTrryy ddrrooppppiinngg tthhee bbooookk 
wwiitthh tthhee ppaappeerr aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee 
lloowweerr ssuurrffaaccee ooff tthhee 
bbooookk.. 
WWhhaatt hhaappppeennss??
NNooww ttrryy ddrrooppppiinngg tthhee 
bbooookk wwiitthh tthhee ppaappeerr 
oonn ttoopp ooff tthhee bbooookk.. 
HHooww wwiillll tthhee 
aacccceelleerraattiioonnss ooff 
tthhee bbooookk aanndd 
tthhee ppaappeerr 
ccoommppaarree?? 
WWiillll tthheeyy 
sseeppaarraattee aanndd 
ffaallll 
ddiiffffeerreennttllyy??
2 m/s2 m=50kg 
f = 
m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 
110000NN 
f= 
110000NN 
How mmuucchh ffoorrccee wwiillll bbee 
rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo mmoovvee tthhee 
oobbjjeecctt iinn eeaacchh ppiiccttuurree??
WWhhaatt ddiirreeccttiioonn aarree tthhee 
ffoorrcceess aapppplliieedd iinn eeaacchh 
ppiiccttuurree?? 
2 m/s2 m=50kg 
f = 
m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 
f= 
lleefftt 
rriigghhtt
Will tthhee rroocckk aanndd tthhee vvaann 
aacccceelleerraattee aatt tthhee ssaammee 
rraattee?? 
NNoo,, tthhee rroocckk wwiillll 
aacccceelleerraattee ffaasstteerr.. 
2 m/s2 m=50kg 
f = 
m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 
f=

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Newton’s 2nd law notes

  • 1. NNeewwttoonn’’ss SSeeccoonndd LLaaww TTEEKKSS 88..66AA ddeemmoonnssttrraattee aanndd ccaallccuullaattee hhooww uunnbbaallaanncceedd ffoorrcceess cchhaannggee tthhee ssppeeeedd oorr ddiirreeccttiioonn ooff aann oobbjjeecctt’’ss mmoottiioonn TTEEKKSS 88..66CC iinnvveessttiiggaattee aanndd ddeessccrriibbee aapppplliiccaattiioonnss ooff NNeewwttoonn’’ss llaaww ooff ffoorrccee aanndd aacccceelleerraattiioonn
  • 2. NNeett FFoorrccee,, MMaassss aanndd AAcccceelleerraattiioonn
  • 3. IIssaaaacc NNeewwttoonn ddiissccoovveerreedd oonnee ooff tthhee mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt llaawwss ooff nnaattuurree;; tthhee rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp bbeettwweeeenn nneett ffoorrccee,, mmaassss ((iinneerrttiiaa)) aanndd aacccceelleerraattiioonn..
  • 4. NNeewwttoonn’’ss sseeccoonndd llaaww ssttaatteess tthhaatt tthhee nneett ffoorrccee aaccttiinngg oonn aa mmaassss ccaauusseess tthhee mmaassss ttoo aacccceelleerraattee iinn tthhee ddiirreeccttiioonn ooff tthhee nneett ffoorrccee..
  • 5. AA sshhoorrtthhaanndd wwaayy ooff wwrriittiinngg tthhiiss llaaww iiss:: ff == mmaa ff == ffoorrccee iinn nneewwttoonnss ((NN)) mm== mmaassss iinn kkiillooggrraammss ((kkgg)) aa == aacccceelleerraattiioonn iinn mmeetteerrss ppeerr sseeccoonndd ppeerr sseeccoonndd ((mm//ss22))
  • 6. OObbjjeeccttss wwiitthh mmoorree mmaassss aarree mmoorree ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo aacccceelleerraattee..
  • 7. IIff tthhee ssaammee ffoorrccee iiss aapppplliieedd ttoo ttwwoo oobbjjeeccttss wwiitthh ddiiffffeerreenntt mmaasssseess,, tthhee oonnee wwiitthh tthhee ssmmaalllleerr mmaassss wwiillll aacccceelleerraattee mmoorree..
  • 8. MMoorree mmaassss mmeeaannss lleessss aacccceelleerraattiioonn,, uunnlleessss aa llaarrggeerr ffoorrccee iiss aapppplliieedd..
  • 9. small mass leads to large mass leads to large acceleration Same Forces small acceleration
  • 10. Different Forces small mass can lead to large mass same acceleration small force large force
  • 11. FFaalllliinngg OObbjjeeccttss aanndd NNeewwttoonn’’ss 22nndd LLaaww
  • 12. GGaalliilleeoo GGaalliilleeii,, tthhee IIttaalliiaann pphhyyssiicciisstt aanndd aassttrroonnoommeerr,, ssttuuddiieedd ffaalllliinngg oobbjjeeccttss..
  • 13. HHee ffoouunndd tthhaatt wwhheenn ttwwoo oobbjjeeccttss ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt mmaasssseess aarree ddrrooppppeedd,, tthheeyy ffeellll aatt tthhee ssaammee rraattee..
  • 14. TThhiiss wwaass nneevveerr ffuullllyy uunnddeerrssttoooodd uunnttiill IIssaaaacc NNeewwttoonn aannnnoouunncceedd hhiiss sseeccoonndd llaaww ooff mmoottiioonn..
  • 15. IInn tthhee ccaassee ooff ffrreeee ffaalllliinngg oobbjjeeccttss,, tthhee ffoorrccee iiss eeqquuaall ttoo tthhee wweeiigghhtt ooff tthhee oobbjjeecctt,, wwhhiicchh iiss ddeetteerrmmiinneedd bbyy tthhee aacccceelleerraattiioonn ooff ggrraavviittyy ((99..88 mm//ss22))..
  • 16. TTrryy ddrrooppppiinngg aa bbooookk aanndd aa bbaallll ooff ppaappeerr.. SSeeee wwhhaatt hhaappppeennss..
  • 17. NNooww ttrryy ddrrooppppiinngg aa ppiieeccee ooff ppaappeerr aanndd aa bbooookk.. MMoosstt lliikkeellyy yyoouu wwiillll sseeee tthhaatt tthhee ppaappeerr ffaallllss mmoorree sslloowwllyy..
  • 18. RReemmeemmbbeerr tthhee bbooookk hhaass mmoorree wweeiigghhtt tthhaann tthhee ppaappeerr,, ssoo iitt hhaass mmoorree ffoorrccee ttoo rreessiisstt ffrriiccttiioonn ffrroomm tthhee aaiirr..
  • 19. TTrryy ddrrooppppiinngg tthhee bbooookk wwiitthh tthhee ppaappeerr aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee lloowweerr ssuurrffaaccee ooff tthhee bbooookk.. WWhhaatt hhaappppeennss??
  • 20. NNooww ttrryy ddrrooppppiinngg tthhee bbooookk wwiitthh tthhee ppaappeerr oonn ttoopp ooff tthhee bbooookk.. HHooww wwiillll tthhee aacccceelleerraattiioonnss ooff tthhee bbooookk aanndd tthhee ppaappeerr ccoommppaarree?? WWiillll tthheeyy sseeppaarraattee aanndd ffaallll ddiiffffeerreennttllyy??
  • 21. 2 m/s2 m=50kg f = m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 110000NN f= 110000NN How mmuucchh ffoorrccee wwiillll bbee rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo mmoovvee tthhee oobbjjeecctt iinn eeaacchh ppiiccttuurree??
  • 22. WWhhaatt ddiirreeccttiioonn aarree tthhee ffoorrcceess aapppplliieedd iinn eeaacchh ppiiccttuurree?? 2 m/s2 m=50kg f = m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 f= lleefftt rriigghhtt
  • 23. Will tthhee rroocckk aanndd tthhee vvaann aacccceelleerraattee aatt tthhee ssaammee rraattee?? NNoo,, tthhee rroocckk wwiillll aacccceelleerraattee ffaasstteerr.. 2 m/s2 m=50kg f = m=2000 kg .05 m/s2 f=