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1. DHANURBAL S.J
REG NO 1105615

2. RADIO ACTIVE WASTE

3. INTRODUCTION
 Certain elements that compose matter emit
Radio particles and radiations spontaneously. This
activity phenomenon is referred to as ‘radioactivity’
 Three different kinds of rays; Alpha, Beta and
Gamma rays are associated with radioactivity.
The alpha rays consist of particles (nuclei of
helium atoms) carrying a +ve charge, beta rays
particles have –ve charge (streams of electrons)
and gamma rays are charge less EM radiation
 Radioactive elements decay at different rates.
 Rates are measured as half-lives – that is, the
time it takes for onehalf of any given quantity of a
radioactive element to disintegrate.
 The longest half-life is that of the‘isotope’ 238U
of uranium. It is 4.5 billion years. Some isotopes
have half-lives of years, months, days, minutes,
seconds, or even less than millionths of a second.

4. Penetration of radioactive rayz

5. Introduction
 Radioactive wastes are waste that
Radio active contain radioactive material.
waste  Radioactive wastes are usually by-
products of nuclear power generation
and other applications of nuclear
fission or nuclear technology, such
as research and medicine.
 Radioactive waste is hazardous to
human health and the environment, and
is regulated by government agencies in
order to protect human health and the
environment.
 So for the disposal of this radio active
waste lot of steps are needed

6. TYPE OF RADIO ACTIVE WASTE
 HIGH LEVEL WASTE….
 INTERMEDIATE WASTE….
 LOW LEVEL WASTE….

7. LOW LEVEL WASTE
 Low level waste (LLW) is generated from hospitals and
industry, as well as the nuclear fuel cycle.
 LLW typically exhibits no higher radioactivity
 Low level nuclear waste represents about 90% of all radioactive
wastes.
 Low-level wastes include paper, rags, tools, clothing, filters, and
other materials which contain small amounts of mostly short-
lived radioactivity.
 low level wastes are less dangerous than the chemical and
organic wastes from our homes that are sent to municipal
landfills.

8. INTERMEDIATE WASTE
 It contains higher amounts of radioactivity and in
some cases requires shielding.
 It typically comprises resins, chemical sludges and
metal fuel cladding, as well as contaminated
materials from reactor decommissioning.
 It makes up some 7% of the volume and has 4% of the
radioactivity of all radio active waste.

9. HIGH LEVEL WASTE (HLW)
 It is produced by nuclear reactors.
 It contains fission products and transuranic
elements generated in the reactor core. It is highly
radioactive and often thermally hot.
 It is very radioactive and, therefore, requires special
shielding during handling and transport
 The amount of HLW worldwide is currently increasing
by about 12,000 metric tons every year, which is the
equivalent to about 100 double-decker buses

10. TYPE OF ATOMIC WASTE DISPOSAL
GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL
REPROCESSING
TRANSMUTATION
SPACE DISPOSAL

11. GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL
 The process of geological disposal centers on burrowing
nuclear waste into the ground to the point where it is out of
human reach.
 There are a number of issues that can arise as a result of
placing waste in the ground. The waste needs to be
properly protected to stop any material from leaking out.
 Deep borehole disposal: is type of geological disposal, it
means disposing of high-level radioactive waste from
nuclear reactors in extremely deep boreholes. Deep
borehole disposal seeks to place the waste as much as five
kilometers beneath the surface of the earth

13. REPROCESSING
 Reprocessing has also emerged as a viable long term
method for dealing with waste.
 As the name implies, the process involves taking waste
and separating the useful components from those.
 Specifically, it involves taking the fissionable material
out from the irradiated nuclear fuel.

14. TRANSMUTATION
 Transmutation specifically involves converting a
chemical element into another less harmful one.
 Common conversions include going from Chlorine to
Argon or from Potassium to Argon.
 The driving force behind transmutation is chemical
reactions that are caused from an outside stimulus,
such as a proton hitting the reaction materials.
 Natural transmutation can also occur over a long
period of time. It also serves as the principle force
behind geological storage

15. SPACE DISPOSAL
 Space disposal has emerged as an option, but not as a
very viable one.
 Specifically, space disposal centers around putting
nuclear waste on a space shuttle and launching the
shuttle into space.
Problems:-
 The amount of nuclear waste that could be shipped
on a single shuttle would be extremely small
compared to the total amount of waste produced.
 The possibility of the shuttle explotion.

16. CONCLUSION
 Various methods exist for the disposal of nuclear
waste. A combination of factors must be taken into
account when assessing any one particular method.
The volume of nuclear waste is large and needs to be
accounted for.
The half-life of nuclear waste results in the necessity
for any policymaker to view the time horizon as
effectively